Socioeconomic determinants of organic cotton adoption in Benin, West Africa

Organic cotton relies on ecological processes and the use of natural resources to sustain the production system, unlike conventional cotton, mainly characterized by massive utilization of synthesis chemicals. In West Africa, where rural livelihoods are particularly vulnerable, organic cotton is expected to contribute not only to poverty reduction but also to strengthen households’ resilience. The objective of this study was to assess institutional and socioeconomic factors determining farmers’ decisions to adopt organic cotton. For this purpose, we applied a probit model on empirical data collected from producers of the Centre and the Northern parts of Benin. Overall, we found that organic cotton adoption is mainly determined by farmers’ socioeconomic characteristics, the physical distance between farm and house, and contact with extension and advisory services. Organic farming is more attractive to women compared to conventional farming. This because such type of cotton farming enables women to hold a separate cotton farm and thus increase their economic independence, whereas with the conventional system they depend mainly on the farm of the (male) head of the household. Older, less educated and low-income farmers who express environmental concern are more likely to adopt organic cotton. Subsequently, organic cotton should be considered as a prospective policy option to reach the poor and strengthen their livelihoods conditions while contributing to preserve the environment and natural resources. Furthermore, farmers who have their farm near home are more likely to adopt organic farming than those who have the farm far from their home. It also came out that organic farmers have more contacts with advisory and extension services. Finally, the study noted that there is still a need to enhance the extension system by: (1) exploring, designing, and upgrading innovative pedagogic tools such as videos and mobile phone technology to foster learning; and (2) strengthening organic farmer’s organizations and the linkage with agricultural research organizations for technology development

Measuring total factor productivity on Irish dairy farms: a Fisher index approach using farm-level data

peer reviewedThis paper presents a Fisher index measure of the total factor productivity (TFP) performance of Irish dairy farms over the period 2006–2016 using the Teagasc National Farm Survey (NFS) data. The removal of milk quotas in 2015 has led to an increase of over 30% in dairy cow numbers since 2010, and although suckler cow numbers have dropped slightly, the total number of cows in Ireland reached an all-time high of 2.5 million head in 2016. This large increase adds to the environmental pressures attributed to agricultural output and puts the focus firmly on how efficiently the additional agricultural output associated with higher cow numbers is produced. The primary purpose of this paper is to identify a standardised measure of the TFP performance of Irish dairy farms that can be routinely updated using Teagasc NFS data. We found that relative to 2010 the TFP of Irish dairy farms has increased by almost 18%; however, in one production year 2015, when milk quota was removed, the TFP measure increased by 7% and TFP continued to grow by 2.5% in the production year 2016. It would seem therefore that the removal of the European dairy quota system has resulted in a windfall gain for Irish dairy farmers but that productivity gains are continuing. Future data will be required to investigate the longer-term TFP performance of Irish dairy farms in the post-milk quota era

An ecological future for weed science to sustain crop production and the environment. A review

Sustainable strategies for managing weeds are critical to meeting agriculture's potential to feed the world's population while conserving the ecosystems and biodiversity on which we depend. The dominant paradigm of weed management in developed countries is currently founded on the two principal tools of herbicides and tillage to remove weeds. However, evidence of negative environmental impacts from both tools is growing, and herbicide resistance is increasingly prevalent. These challenges emerge from a lack of attention to how weeds interact with and are regulated by the agroecosystem as a whole. Novel technological tools proposed for weed control, such as new herbicides, gene editing, and seed destructors, do not address these systemic challenges and thus are unlikely to provide truly sustainable solutions. Combining multiple tools and techniques in an Integrated Weed Management strategy is a step forward, but many integrated strategies still remain overly reliant on too few tools. In contrast, advances in weed ecology are revealing a wealth of options to manage weedsat the agroecosystem levelthat, rather than aiming to eradicate weeds, act to regulate populations to limit their negative impacts while conserving diversity. Here, we review the current state of knowledge in weed ecology and identify how this can be translated into practical weed management. The major points are the following: (1) the diversity and type of crops, management actions and limiting resources can be manipulated to limit weed competitiveness while promoting weed diversity; (2) in contrast to technological tools, ecological approaches to weed management tend to be synergistic with other agroecosystem functions; and (3) there are many existing practices compatible with this approach that could be integrated into current systems, alongside new options to explore. Overall, this review demonstrates that integrating systems-level ecological thinking into agronomic decision-making offers the best route to achieving sustainable weed management

Measuring and understanding the drivers of agricultural innovation: evidence from Ireland

Despite the well-known importance of innovation to productivity growth in the agri-food sector, very few studies have attempted to measure farm-level innovation. This article contributes to the literature by developing an agricultural innovation index that goes beyond measuring innovation through adopted technologies. Based on this index, drivers and barriers of innovation are assessed. The findings reveal that innovation efforts differ between farm systems. Moreover, farm size and intensity, access to credit and agricultural education foster innovation, while increasing age and working off-farm hinder innovation. The paper concludes with policy recommendations to facilitate innovation in the agri-food sector

What drives innovation in the agricultural sector? A spatial analysis of knowledge spillovers

This article analyses the spatial concentration of agricultural innovation in Ireland. Influenced by the importance of knowledge spillovers, the roles of key innovation drivers are discussed. The analysis reveals a clear spatial concentration of agricultural innovation and while some of this variation can be explained by the spatial concentration of the sector, there are also other factors at play that drive the spatial distribution of innovation. More specifically, the distributions of research, education and advisory services show a similar spatial pattern to agricultural innovation, providing support for the existence of regional knowledge spillovers

Fünf Minuten täglich: Kompass - eine stationäre Kurzintervention für junge Cannabis-/Partydrogenpatienten nach dem "Bonner Modell - Junge Sucht"

ragestellung: Zur stationären Behandlung von Cannabis-/Partydrogenkonsumenten wurde eine Kurzinterventionsmethode „Kompass“ mit einem Zeitaufwand von täglich fünf Minuten entwickelt und auf ihre Wirksamkeit insbesondere hinsichtlich der depressiven Symptomatik und den besonderen Bedürfnissen der Patientengruppe überprüft. Methodik: 104 Patienten im Alter von 23, davon 66 Cannabis- und 21 Partydrogenkonsumenten , die sich in der LVR-Klinik Bonn stationär in Behandlung befanden, wurden anhand standardisierter Fragebögen (BDI, Hautzinger, Bailer, Worrall & Keller, 1995; IIP-C, Horowitz, Strauß & Kordy, 2000; STAI, Laux, Glanzmann, Schaffner & Spielberger, 1981; SCL-90-R, Franke, 2005) und Interviews (EuropASI, Gsellhofer & Blanken, 1999) in einem quasi-experimentellem Design untersucht. Der Therapieerfolg (Symptomreduktion) wurde über die korrigierte Effektstärke erfasst. Ergebnisse: Die Kurzinterventionsmethode „Kompass“ ist ein in der stationären Behandlung wirksames Zusatztreatment. Im Vergleich zu einer „Treatment-as-usual“-Gruppe wurden mit dkorr = 0.70 für interpersonale Probleme, dkorr = 0.60 für Trait-Angst, dkorr = 0.56 für Depressivität und dkorr = 0.60 für psychische Belastung mittlere Effektstärken gefunden. Schlussfolgerung: Der „Kompass“ kann effektiv und effizient als Zusatzbehandlung in die stationäre Therapie für Cannabis-/Partydrogenkonsumentent integriert werden