659 research outputs found
Data driven rank tests for classes of tail alternatives
Tail alternatives describe the frequent occurrence of a non-constant shift in the two-sample problem with a shift function increasing in the tail. The classes of shift functions can be built up using Legendre polynomials. It is important to rightly choose the number of polynomials involved. Here this choice is based on the data, using a modification of Schwarz's selection rule. Given the data driven choice of the model, appropriate rank tests are applied. Simulations show that the new data driven rank tests work very well. While other tests for detecting shift alternatives as Wilcoxon's test may completely break down for important classes of tail alternatives, the new tests have high and stable power. The new tests have also higher power than data driven rank tests for the unconstrained two-sample problem. Theoretical support is obtained by proving consistency of the new tests against very large classes of alternatives, including all common tail alternatives. A simple but accurate approximation of the null distribution makes application of the new tests easy
Central Limit Theorem for a Class of Relativistic Diffusions
Two similar Minkowskian diffusions have been considered, on one hand by
Barbachoux, Debbasch, Malik and Rivet ([BDR1], [BDR2], [BDR3], [DMR], [DR]),
and on the other hand by Dunkel and H\"anggi ([DH1], [DH2]). We address here
two questions, asked in [DR] and in ([DH1], [DH2]) respectively, about the
asymptotic behaviour of such diffusions. More generally, we establish a central
limit theorem for a class of Minkowskian diffusions, to which the two above
ones belong. As a consequence, we correct a partially wrong guess in [DH1].Comment: 20 page
Mod-phi convergence I: Normality zones and precise deviations
In this paper, we use the framework of mod- convergence to prove
precise large or moderate deviations for quite general sequences of real valued
random variables , which can be lattice or
non-lattice distributed. We establish precise estimates of the fluctuations
, instead of the usual estimates for the rate of
exponential decay . Our approach provides us with a
systematic way to characterise the normality zone, that is the zone in which
the Gaussian approximation for the tails is still valid. Besides, the residue
function measures the extent to which this approximation fails to hold at the
edge of the normality zone.
The first sections of the article are devoted to a proof of these abstract
results and comparisons with existing results. We then propose new examples
covered by this theory and coming from various areas of mathematics: classical
probability theory, number theory (statistics of additive arithmetic
functions), combinatorics (statistics of random permutations), random matrix
theory (characteristic polynomials of random matrices in compact Lie groups),
graph theory (number of subgraphs in a random Erd\H{o}s-R\'enyi graph), and
non-commutative probability theory (asymptotics of random character values of
symmetric groups). In particular, we complete our theory of precise deviations
by a concrete method of cumulants and dependency graphs, which applies to many
examples of sums of "weakly dependent" random variables. The large number as
well as the variety of examples hint at a universality class for second order
fluctuations.Comment: 103 pages. New (final) version: multiple small improvements ; a new
section on mod-Gaussian convergence coming from the factorization of the
generating function ; the multi-dimensional results have been moved to a
forthcoming paper ; and the introduction has been reworke
Long-Term Followup after Electrocautery Transurethral Resection of the Prostate for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Introduction. For decades, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) has been the “gold standard” operation for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) but is based mainly on historic data. The historic data lacks use of validated measures and current TURP differs significantly from that performed 30 years ago. Methods. Men who had undergone TURP between 2001 and 2005 were reviewed. International prostate symptom score (IPSS), quality of life (QOL) and peak urinary flow rate
(Qmax), and postvoid residual (PVR)
were recorded. Operative details and
postoperative
complications were documented. Patients were then invited to
attend for repeat assessment. Results. 91
patients participated. Mean follow-up time was 70 months. Mean
follow-up results were IPSS—7; QoL—1.5; Qmax—23 mL/s; PVR—45 mL. These were an improvement from baseline of
67%, 63%, 187%, and 80%, respectively. Early
complication rates were low, with no blood transfusions, TUR
syndrome, or deaths occurring. Urethral stricture rate was higher
than anticipated at 14%. Conclusion. This
study shows modern TURP still produces durable improvement in
voiding symptoms which remains comparable with historic studies.
This study, however, found a marked drop in early complications but,
conversely, a higher than expected incidence of urethral
strictures
Palm pairs and the general mass-transport principle
We consider a lcsc group G acting properly on a Borel space S and measurably
on an underlying sigma-finite measure space. Our first main result is a
transport formula connecting the Palm pairs of jointly stationary random
measures on S. A key (and new) technical result is a measurable disintegration
of the Haar measure on G along the orbits. The second main result is an
intrinsic characterization of the Palm pairs of a G-invariant random measure.
We then proceed with deriving a general version of the mass-transport principle
for possibly non-transitive and non-unimodular group operations first in a
deterministic and then in its full probabilistic form.Comment: 26 page
On Convergence Properties of Shannon Entropy
Convergence properties of Shannon Entropy are studied. In the differential
setting, it is shown that weak convergence of probability measures, or
convergence in distribution, is not enough for convergence of the associated
differential entropies. A general result for the desired differential entropy
convergence is provided, taking into account both compactly and uncompactly
supported densities. Convergence of differential entropy is also characterized
in terms of the Kullback-Liebler discriminant for densities with fairly general
supports, and it is shown that convergence in variation of probability measures
guarantees such convergence under an appropriate boundedness condition on the
densities involved. Results for the discrete setting are also provided,
allowing for infinitely supported probability measures, by taking advantage of
the equivalence between weak convergence and convergence in variation in this
setting.Comment: Submitted to IEEE Transactions on Information Theor
Percolation in invariant Poisson graphs with i.i.d. degrees
Let each point of a homogeneous Poisson process in R^d independently be
equipped with a random number of stubs (half-edges) according to a given
probability distribution mu on the positive integers. We consider
translation-invariant schemes for perfectly matching the stubs to obtain a
simple graph with degree distribution mu. Leaving aside degenerate cases, we
prove that for any mu there exist schemes that give only finite components as
well as schemes that give infinite components. For a particular matching scheme
that is a natural extension of Gale-Shapley stable marriage, we give sufficient
conditions on mu for the absence and presence of infinite components
On q-Gaussians and Exchangeability
The q-Gaussians are discussed from the point of view of variance mixtures of
normals and exchangeability. For each q< 3, there is a q-Gaussian distribution
that maximizes the Tsallis entropy under suitable constraints. This paper shows
that q-Gaussian random variables can be represented as variance mixtures of
normals. These variance mixtures of normals are the attractors in central limit
theorems for sequences of exchangeable random variables; thereby, providing a
possible model that has been extensively studied in probability theory. The
formulation provided has the additional advantage of yielding process versions
which are naturally q-Brownian motions. Explicit mixing distributions for
q-Gaussians should facilitate applications to areas such as option pricing. The
model might provide insight into the study of superstatistics.Comment: 14 page
Identification of Regions Important for Resistance and Signalling within the Antimicrobial Peptide Transporter BceAB of <em>Bacillus subtilis</em>
In the low-G+C-content Gram-positive bacteria, resistance to antimicrobial peptides is often mediated by so-called resistance modules. These consist of a two-component system and an ATP-binding cassette transporter and are characterized by an unusual mode of signal transduction where the transporter acts as a sensor of antimicrobial peptides, because the histidine kinase alone cannot detect the substrates directly. Thus, the transporters fulfill a dual function as sensors and detoxification systems to confer resistance, but the mechanistic details of these processes are unknown. The paradigm and best-understood example for this is the BceRS-BceAB module of Bacillus subtilis, which mediates resistance to bacitracin, mersacidin, and actagardine. Using a random mutagenesis approach, we here show that mutations that affect specific functions of the transporter BceAB are primarily found in the C-terminal region of the permease, BceB, particularly in the eighth transmembrane helix. Further, we show that while signaling and resistance are functionally interconnected, several mutations could be identified that strongly affected one activity of the transporter but had only minor effects on the other. Thus, a partial genetic separation of the two properties could be achieved by single amino acid replacements, providing first insights into the signaling mechanism of these unusual modules
Maximizing the Conditional Expected Reward for Reaching the Goal
The paper addresses the problem of computing maximal conditional expected
accumulated rewards until reaching a target state (briefly called maximal
conditional expectations) in finite-state Markov decision processes where the
condition is given as a reachability constraint. Conditional expectations of
this type can, e.g., stand for the maximal expected termination time of
probabilistic programs with non-determinism, under the condition that the
program eventually terminates, or for the worst-case expected penalty to be
paid, assuming that at least three deadlines are missed. The main results of
the paper are (i) a polynomial-time algorithm to check the finiteness of
maximal conditional expectations, (ii) PSPACE-completeness for the threshold
problem in acyclic Markov decision processes where the task is to check whether
the maximal conditional expectation exceeds a given threshold, (iii) a
pseudo-polynomial-time algorithm for the threshold problem in the general
(cyclic) case, and (iv) an exponential-time algorithm for computing the maximal
conditional expectation and an optimal scheduler.Comment: 103 pages, extended version with appendices of a paper accepted at
TACAS 201
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