Vertical Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) from Infected Pregnant Mothers to Neonates: A Review

Background: Since early December 2019, the Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) infection has been prevalent in China and eventually spread to other countries. There are a few published cases of COVID-19 occurring during pregnancy and due the possibility of mother-fetal vertical transmission, there is a concern that the fetuses may be at risk of congenital COVID-19. Methods: We reviewed the risk of vertical transmission of COVID-19 to the fetus of infected mothers by using data of published articles or official websites up to March 4, 2020. Results: A total of 31 infected pregnant mothers with COVID-19 were reported. No COVID-19 infection was detected in their neonates or placentas. Two mothers died from COVID-19-related respiratory complications after delivery. Conclusions: Currently, based on limited data, there is no evidence for intrauterine transmission of COVID-19 from infected pregnant women to their fetuses. Mothers may be at increased risk for more severe respiratory complications. © 2020, © 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Random walk forecast of urban water in Iran under uncertainty

There are two significant reasons for the uncertainties of water demand. On one hand, an evolving technological world is plagued with accelerated change in lifestyles and consumption patterns; and on the other hand, intensifying climate change. Therefore, with an uncertain future, what enables policymakers to define the state of water resources, which are affected by withdrawals and demands? Through a case study based on thirteen years of observation data in the Zayandeh Rud River basin in Isfahan province located in Iran, this paper forecasts a wide range of urban water demand possibilities in order to create a portfolio of plans which could be utilized by different water managers. A comparison and contrast of two existing methods are discussed, demonstrating the Random Walk Methodology, which will be referred to as the â On uncertainty pathâ , because it takes the uncertainties into account and can be recommended to managers. This On Uncertainty Path is composed of both dynamic forecasting method and system simulation. The outcomes show the advantage of such methods particularly for places that climate change will aggravate their water scarcity, such as Iran

Investigating Efficacy and Side Effects of Oral Melatonin in Drug Induced Sleep Electroencephalography of Children

Introduction: Electroencephalography (EEG) is useful in seizure diagnosis. It needs cooperation and immobility of the person and if a child does not naturally sleep, pharmacological agents will be used to induce sleeping. The purpose of this study was to investigate efficacy and side effects of oral melatonin in sedation induction for EEG of children. Methods: In a quasi- experimental study, efficacy of single dose of 0.3mg/kg melatonin in achieving adequate sedation (Ramsay sedation score of four) as well as its success in recording of EEG and its side effects in 40 children were investigated from September 2011 to March 2012. The participants aged 1-8 years who referred to EEG Unit of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Yazd, Iran and did not naturally sleep and immobilize. Results: Sixteen girls (40%) and 24 boys(60%) with mean age of 2.82 ±1.91 years were investigated. Adequate sedation and recording of EEG was achieved in 29 (72.5 %) children. The drug was more effective in success of recording of EEG in less than two year old children (70.6% vs. 30.4% in two years old and more and pvalue= 0.04) as well as in those with developmental delay (93.3% vs. 60% in normal developmental status and pvalue =0.02). No serious side effects were seen in the patients. Conclusion: Melatonin is a safe and effective drug in sedation induction for EEG in children especially in those less than two years old and in children with developmental delay

Green-wood flooring adhesives

The protection of human health and nature is becoming increasingly important. Because of this reason, the non-toxic adhesives used for wood flooring became more important. Green adhesives used in wood flooring based on green building, eco-design, and sustainability principles are examined in this book chapter. Green buildings can provide a superior indoor environment. In order to improve indoor air quality, adhesives used in wood flooring must have low or zero volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Today, most of the adhesives are prepared from petroleum-based polymers however, these adhesives forms release formaldehyde and VOC emission. Increased environmental awareness led to the search for healthy adhesive alternatives with low emission values. Research centers have therefore sought to discover healthy adhesives by working on mostly bio-based adhesives. This book chapter discusses synthetic or renewable adhesive systems that can replace formaldehyde based adhesives. In this study, recent researches about wood flooring adhesive made in recent years are included.No sponso