Evaluation of image comparison algorithms as test oracles

Televizyon gibi yoğun yazılım içeren gömülü sistemlerin kara kutu testleri, grafik kullanıcı arayüzleri (GKA) aracılığıyla gerçekleştirilmektedir. Bu testlerin otomasyonu kapsamında bir dizi kullanıcı işlemi dışarıdan tetiklenmektedir. Bu sırada, doğru ve yanlış sistem davranışı arasında ayrım yapan ve böylece testlerin geçip geçmediğine karar veren otomatik bir test kâhinine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu amaçla yaygın olarak görüntü karşılaştırma araçları kullanılmaktadır. Bu araçlar, gözlenen GKA ile daha önceden kaydedilmiş bir referans GKA ekran görüntüsünü karşılaştırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, 9 farklı görüntü karşılaştırma aracı bir endüstriyel vaka çalışması ile değerlendirildi. Bir televizyon sisteminin gerçek test çalışmalarından 1000 çift referans ve anlık GKA görüntüsü toplandı ve bu görüntüler başarılı/başarısız test olarak etiketlendirildi. Ayrıca, toplanan veri kümesi görüntülerde meydana gelen piksel kayması, renk tonu/doygunluk farklılığı ve resim gövdesinde esneme (büyüme, küçülme, genişleme, daralma) gibi çeşitli etkilere göre sınıflandırıldı. Ardından, bu veri kümesi ile karşılaştırılan araçlar, doğruluk ve performans açısından değerlendirildi. Araçların parametre değerlerine ve karşılaştırılan görüntülerin tâbi oldukları etkilere göre farklı sonuçlar verdiği görülmüştür. Hazırlanan veri kümesi için en iyi sonuçları veren araç ve bu aracın parametre değerleri tespit edilmiştir.Black box testing of software intensive embedded systems such as TVs is performed via their graphical user interfaces (GUI). A series of user events are triggered for automating these tests. In the meantime, there is a need for a test oracle, which decides if tests pass or fail by differentiating between correct and incorrect system behavior. Image comparison tools are commonly used for this purpose. These tools compare the observed GUI screen during tests with respect to a previously recorded snapshot of a reference GUI screen. In this work, we evaluated 9 image comparison tools with an industrial case study. We collected 1000 pairs of reference and runtime GUI images during test activities performed on a real TV system and we labeled these image pairs as passed and failed tests. In addition, we categorized the data set according to various effects observed on images such as pixel shifting, color saturation and scaling. Then, this data set is used for comparing tools in terms of accuracy and performance. We observed that results are dependent on tool parameters and various image effects that take place. We identified the best tool and its parameter set for the collected data set.Publisher versio

Hemodynamic impact of isobaric levobupivacaine versus hyperbaric bupivacaine for subarachnoid anesthesia in patients aged 65 and older undergoing hip surgery

BackgroundThe altered hemodynamics, and therefore the arterial hypotension is the most prevalent adverse effect after subarachnoid anesthesia. The objective of the study was to determine the exact role of local anesthetic selection underlying spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in the elderly patient. We conducted a descriptive, observational pilot study to assess the hemodynamic impact of subarachnoid anesthesia with isobaric levobupivacaine versus hyperbaric bupivacaine for hip fracture surgery.DescriptionHundred twenty ASA status I-IV patients aged 65 and older undergoing hip fracture surgery were enrolled. The primary objective of our study was to compare hemodynamic effects based on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and dyastolic blood pressure (DBP) values, heart rate (HR) and hemoglobin (Hb) and respiratory effects based on partial oxygen saturation (SpO2%) values. The secondary objective was to assess potential adverse events with the use of levobupivacaine versus bupivacaine. Assessments were performed preoperatively, at 30 minutes into surgery, at the end of anesthesia and at 48 hours and 6 months after surgery.Among intraoperative events, the incidence of hypotension was statistically significantly higher (p <0.05) in group BUPI (38.3%) compared to group LEVO (13.3%). There was a decrease (p <0.05) in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at 30 minutes intraoperatively (19% in group BUPI versus 17% in group LEVO). SpO2% increased at 30 minutes after anesthesia onset (1% in group BUPI versus 1.5% in group LEVO). Heart rate (HR) decreased at 30 minutes after anesthesia onset (5% in group BUPI versus 9% in group L). Hemoglobin (Hb) decreased from time of operating room (OR) admission to the end of anesthesia (9.3% in group BUPI versus 12.5% in group LEVO). The incidence of red blood cell (RBC) transfusion was 13.3% in group BUPI versus 31.7% in group LEVO, this difference was statistically significant. Among postoperative events, the incidence of congestive heart failure (CHF) was significantly higher in group BUPI (8,3%). At 6 months after anesthesia, no differences were found.ConclusionsGiven the hemodynamic stability and lower incidence of intraoperative hypotension observed, levobupivacaine could be the agent of choice for subarachnoid anesthesia in elderly patients

Coronary artery bypass surgery in a patient with Kartagener syndrome: a case report and literature review

Kartagener syndrome consists of congenital bronchiectasis, sinusitis, and total situs inversus in half of the patients. A patient diagnosed with Kartagener syndrome was reffered to our department due to 3-vessel coronary disease. An off-pump coronary artery bypass operation was performed using both internal thoracic arteries and a saphenous vein graft. We performed a literature review for cases with Kartagener syndrome, coronary surgery and dextrocardia. Although a few cases of dextrocardia were found in the literature, no case of Kartagener syndrome was mentioned