Dossier Mobilités spatiales et ressources métropolitaines : l'accessibilité en questions

Cet article, avant tout méthodologique, explore la dispersion spatiale des lieux d'activité (étude et travail) fréquentés au quotidien par des individus au regard de leurs caractéristiques sociodémographiques et de leur lieu de résidence, dans l'agglomération de São Paulo. L'étude repose sur l'exploitation de données d'enquêtes sur les systèmes de mobilités réalisées auprès d'un échantillon de ménages. L'accent est mis sur la démarche qui fait intervenir une série d'analyses centrographiques que l'on combine dans un deuxième temps à une analyse typologique. Nous montrons l'intérêt de recourir à ces outils pour appréhender et visualiser les inégalités d'accès aux ressources urbaines en lien avec le cycle de vie des individus, la hiérarchie sociale et le lieu de résidence

Empreendedorismo em turismo rural: o caso do Norte de Portugal

A presente dissertação tem como objectivo principal estudar o empreendedorismo em turismo rural: o caso do Norte de Portugal, recorrendo para isso, a uma análise quantitativa. A análise efectuada é baseada numa amostra formada por empresas pertencentes ao sector do turismo em Portugal do Norte de Portugal que fossem empresas activas e que tivessem registado na base de dados um contacto de e-mail. Foram apuradas 267 empresas a quem se enviou um questionário tendo-se obtido 41 respostas válidas, sendo esse o número de empresas da nossa amostra final. Além dos dados obtidos via questionário foram recolhidos dados económico-financeiros através da base de dados empresarial SABI (Sistema de Análise de Balanços Ibéricos). Os resultados obtidos indicam que um maior nível de internacionalização, bem como mais elevadas habilitações académicas dos gestores das empresas se associam a melhores níveis de desempenho organizacional.This dissertation´s main objective is to study entrepreneurship in rural tourism: the case of Northern Portugal, using a quantitative analysis. The analysis is based on a sample of companies belonging to the tourism sector in northern Portugal who were active companies and had registered an e-mail contact in the database. To a total of 267 companies a questionnaire was sent and 41 valid answers were obtained, which is the number of companies in our final sample. In addition to the data obtained through the questionnaire, economic and financial data was collected through the SABI (Iberian Balance Sheet Analysis System) business database. The results obtained indicate that a higher level of internationalization and higher academic qualifications of company managers are associated with a better level of organizational performance

Angiogenesis inhibitors in clinical development; where are we now and where are we going?

Angiogenesis is crucial for tumour growth and the formation of metastases. Various classes of angiogenesis inhibitors that are each able to inhibit one of the various steps of this complex process can be distinguished. Results from clinical studies with these agents are summarised. In general, it has been shown that most angiogenesis inhibitors can be safely administered, but that tumour regressions are rare. Combining angiogenesis inhibitors with cytotoxic chemotherapy can enhance anticancer activity. Recently, some promising data with regard to clinical efficacy have been presented. While performing clinical studies with angiogenesis inhibitors, defining biological activity is crucial, but thus far no validated techniques are available. It is conceivable that in the near future various classes of angiogenesis inhibitors will be combined in an attempt to further improve antiangiogenic and anticancer activity

Physiological traits of the symbiotic bacterium Teredinibacter turnerae isolated from the mangrove shipworm Neoteredo reynei

Nutrition in the Teredinidae family of wood-boring mollusks is sustained by cellulolytic/nitrogen fixing symbiotic bacteria of the Teredinibacter clade. The mangrove Teredinidae Neoteredo reynei is popularly used in the treatment of infectious diseases in the north of Brazil. In the present work, the symbionts of N. reynei, which are strictly confined to the host's gills, were conclusively identified as Teredinibacter turnerae. Symbiont variants obtained in vitro were able to grow using casein as the sole carbon/nitrogen source and under reduced concentrations of NaCl. Furthermore, cellulose consumption in T. turnerae was clearly reduced under low salt concentrations. As a point of interest, we hereby report first hand that T. turnerae in fact exerts antibiotic activity. Furthermore, this activity was also affected by NaCl concentration. Finally, T. turnerae was able to inhibit the growth of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, this including strains of Sphingomonas sp., Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus sciuri. Our findings introduce new points of view on the ecology of T. turnerae, and suggest new biotechnological applications for this marine bacterium

FactoQGIS : a gui tool based on a R script perform geometric data analysis in a free and open source GIS

FactoQGIS is an algorithm that allows the implementation of a geometric analysis of multidimensional data in QGIS. More specifically, this tool was designed to easily perform a typological analysis on quantitative data aggregated in spatial units. This method is broadly used in geography but it was up to now executed out of GIS environments, in specific statistical software. FactoQGIS is a tool which precisely fills this gap among GIS functionalities. It first performs a PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and second a HAC (Hierarchical Ascending Classification) on the first factors. FactoQGIS is based on an R script that mainly uses the FactoMineR package developed by François Husson et al. (Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France). The results (tables and plots) are exported respectively in Excel and png format and then inserted into an html file that automatically pops up in a web browser at the end of the process. The algorithm also creates a new layer with a column indicating the cluster each spatial unit belongs to, so as to make it easy to map the typology. FactoQGIS is accessible from a graphical user interface directly in the QGIS environment. It will be of particular interest to geographers and to any users who wish to simply build and map a multidimensional typology without knowing the R language. To illustrate how FactoQGIS works, we performed as an example, a typological analysis on socio-demographic data that are aggregated by "arrondissements" and "communes" in Paris. The R script is available on GitHub

Live nearby, be different, work apart ? Some learnings from action spaces discrepancies in Santiago de Chile

This article examines macro-level contextual parameters and individual-based factors deemed in the literature to directly influence individuals' daily mobility practices. It considers the urban structure, place of residence, situation in the social hierarchy, and position in the life course. Taking its inspiration from approaches highlighting segregation at destination place and studies focusing on mobility biographies, it enquires whether systematic discrepancies may be detected between the places frequented for work or study on a daily basis by the groups of individuals residing in the same neighborhood. It also looks at whether home location (in a central area, inner suburb, or outskirt) influences how action spaces are configured. The analysis relies on a three-phase integrated method. First, a typology of individuals is assembled to put together homogenous socio-demographic groups. Second, the action spaces of these groups are calculated and mapped. Third, the significance of spatial differences in action spaces is assessed using a bivariate colocation test, hitherto used primarily in spatial epidemiology. This three-phase method is applied to data collected in Santiago de Chile during a survey of 1,000 households, designed to capture spatial mobility from a biographical perspective

Plasma polymerized hexamethyldisiloxane: Discharge and film studies

Films were grown in hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDS)-argon mixtures in a diode sputtering system with a gold cathode. Quantitative optical emission spectroscopy (OES)-actinometry revealed that the electron density or mean electron energy (or both) increased with increasing Ar concentrations in the gas feed. Increasing concentrations of Ar produced greater sputtering of the cathode and hence greater plasma A u concentrations. Fragmentation of the HMDS molecule resulted in species such as CH, Fl, and Si which were detected by OES. Film deposition rate, as determined by optical interferometry, was found to be increased by the inclusion of Ar in the gas feed. Transmission electron microscopy revealed particles, probably of Au, embedded in the polymer films. Actinometric measurements of Au in the discharge and electron probe microscopy of the deposited material showed that film Au concentrations increase with increasing concentrations of Au in the plasma. A relatively low fragmentation of HMDS molecules in the de plasma was revealed by the very small Si-HIR absorption band which is usually prominent in spectra of plasma polymerized HMDS films

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE PLASMA ENVIRONMENT AND THE COMPOSITION AND OPTICAL-PROPERTIES OF PLASMA-POLYMERIZED THIN-FILMS PRODUCED IN RF DISCHARGES OF C2H2-SF6 MIXTURES

Polymer films were grown in rf discharges containing different proportions of C2H2 and SF6. Quantitative optical emission spectrometry (actinometry) was used to follow the trends in the plasma concentrations of the species H and F, and more tentatively, of CH, CF, and CF2, as a function of the feed composition. Infrared spectroscopy revealed the density of CH and CF bonds in the deposited material. As the partial pressure of SF6 in the feed was increased, the degree of fluorination of the polymer also rose. The form of the dependency of the deposition rate on the proportion of SF6 in the feed was in good qualitative agreement with the activated growth model. From transmission ultraviolet visible spectroscopy data the refractive index and the absorption coefficient of the polymers were calculated as a function of the deposition parameters. Since the optical gap depended to some extent upon the degree of fluorination, it could, within limits, be determined by a suitable choice of the proportion of SF6 in the feed. A qualitative explanation of this relationship is given