KEYWORDS Drinking water Coliforms bacteria Feacal coliform bacteria MPN technique Plate count technique DETECTION AND ENUMERATION OF COLIFORM BACTERIA IN DRINKING WATER AT HOSPITAL OF BENGHAZI/LIBYA

ABSTRACT The aim of present study was to detect the presence or absence of coliform and faecal coliform bacteria from tap water of Benghazi Hospital, Libya at three different seasons. Samples were collected every month from two points viz surgery department (tapwater) and kidneys department (dialysis water) and examined by MPN and plate count methods. Presence of faecal coliform bacteria was not reported from both sources. However, the presence of coliform bacteria was reported from both source and it was slightly higher than the recommended one from both sources. Chemical analysis of water indicates the presence of organic matter like NO3 but the level was lower than the recommended by both world health organization (WHO) and environmental protection agency (EPA)

Induction of innate immunity and its perturbation by influenza viruses

Influenza A viruses (IAV) are highly contagious pathogens causing dreadful losses to human and animal, around the globe. IAVs first interact with the host through epithelial cells, and the viral RNA containing a 5'-triphosphate group is thought to be the critical trigger for activation of effective innate immunity via pattern recognition receptors-dependent signaling pathways. These induced immune responses establish the antiviral state of the host for effective suppression of viral replication and enhancing viral clearance. However, IAVs have evolved a variety of mechanisms by which they can invade host cells, circumvent the host immune responses, and use the machineries of host cells to synthesize and transport their own components, which help them to establish a successful infection and replication. In this review, we will highlight the molecular mechanisms of how IAV infection stimulates the host innate immune system and strategies by which IAV evades host responses