DataSheet_1_The role of DC-SIGN as a trans-receptor in infection by MERS-CoV.pdf

DC-SIGN is a C-type lectin expressed in myeloid cells such as immature dendritic cells and macrophages. Through glycan recognition in viral envelope glycoproteins, DC-SIGN has been shown to act as a receptor for a number of viral agents such as HIV, Ebola virus, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. Using a system of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus pseudotyped with MERS-CoV spike protein, here, we show that DC-SIGN is partially responsible for MERS-CoV infection of dendritic cells and that DC-SIGN efficiently mediates trans-infection of MERS-CoV from dendritic cells to susceptible cells, indicating a potential role of DC-SIGN in MERS-CoV dissemination and pathogenesis.</p

A model of the diversity of proteases and parallel processing pathways involved in TAP-independent self-derived antigen presentation.

<p>The model shows the components involved in each of the proposed pathways, with the relative order of the different steps. Involvement of SPase is deduced according to the SwissProt (<a href="http://web.expasy.org" target="_blank">http://web.expasy.org</a>) and Signal P 4.1 (<a href="http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP" target="_blank">http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP</a>) predictions. Involvement of P₁ K/R or F/L activities is deduced from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059118#pone-0059118-g002" target="_blank">Figures 2</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059118#pone-0059118-g003" target="_blank">3</a>. The lower left arrow is deduced from unassigned ligands, and the amino and/or carboxyl peptidase activities could be assumed by analogy from previous studies.</p

HLA restriction and number of proteins from TAP-independent ligands.

a<p>of the total shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059118#pone.0059118.s008" target="_blank">Tables S1</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059118#pone.0059118.s009" target="_blank">S2</a>, and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059118#pone.0059118.s010" target="_blank">S3</a>.</p>b<p>see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059118#pone.0059118.s012" target="_blank">Table S5</a>.</p

Distribution of proteins by cell location.

a<p>from human T cells <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059118#pone.0059118-Schmidt1" target="_blank">[30]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059118#pone.0059118-Schmidt2" target="_blank">[31]</a>.</p>b<p>from human neutrophils <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059118#pone.0059118-Uriarte1" target="_blank">[32]</a>.</p>c<p>data are expressed in percentage of proteins listed by cell location based on gene ontology analysis (<a href="http://www.geneontology.org" target="_blank">http://www.geneontology.org</a>) <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059118#pone.0059118-Ashburner1" target="_blank">[29]</a>.</p>d<p>Secretory granule are represented by melanosomes, lysosomes, platelet granules, endosomes, synaptosomes, exosomes or cytolytic granules as defined in references <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059118#pone.0059118-Schmidt1" target="_blank">[30]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059118#pone.0059118-Schmidt2" target="_blank">[31]</a>.</p

Analysis of N- and C-end cleavage specificity in HLA class I ligands.

<p>A diagram of residues involved in the generation of naturally processed HLA class I ligands by peptidase cleavages is shown (panel A). Distribution of P₁ (panel B) and P′<b>₁</b> (panel C) amino acid residues of the scissile bonds created by peptidase cleavage.</p

Naturally processed peptides from myosin heavy polypeptide 9 identified by mass spectrometry.

<p>Diagram of identified ligands bound to HLA class I molecules in the first 80 (panel A) or last 40 (panel B) residues from myosin heavy chain 9 protein. Ligands specific for HLA-A2 (white boxes), -B27 (black boxes), and –B51 or –Cw1 (gray boxes) are depicted in the lower section of each panel.</p