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A fase de aleitamento é um período crítico na criação de bezerras e a suplementação vitamínico mineral mostra-se essencial para que os animais se desenvolvam de maneira saudável e resistente a doenças. Diante dessa importância, um estudo foi conduzido com 45 bezerros machos da raça Holandês, distribuídos em três tratamentos, sendo: controle = sem suplementação, SSE = 0,3 mg de selênio + 50 UI de vitamina E e SSFE 0,3 mg de selênio + 50 UI de vitamina E + 100 mg de ferro/kg MS, ambos fornecidos via sucedâneo. Foi realizado um desafio imunológico, com Anaplasma marginale, em todos os animais aos 40 dias de idade. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue individuais no início do experimento, bem como, aos 40 e 60 dias de experimento, para a realização de hemograma, parâmetros bioquímicos e metabolismo oxidativo. Quinzenalmente, os animais foram pesados e tiveram suas medidas corporais aferidas. Antes de completar 60 dias de idade, os bezerros foram transferidos e alojados em gaiolas metabólicas individuais, permanecendo durante 5 dias, onde foram coletadas amostras diárias de fezes e urina para a determinação do balanço de selênio e ferro. Ao final do período experimental, os animais foram abatidos e tiveram amostras do fígado e músculo coletados. Foi observado uma menor concentração da enzima LDH nos animais que receberam o SSFE e o Lactato foi menor em ambos os tratamentos experimentais, comparados ao controle. A ureia plasmática diminuiu do início até 40 dias de experimento e foi observado uma interação entre os tratamentos e o tempo sobre os valores de ureia (P=0,05). A concentração da enzima GPx foi maior nos animais suplementados e os valores de GsH não apresentaram diferenças entre os tratamentos. Os animais que receberam o tratamento SSFE apresentaram tendência de maior ganho de peso (P<0.10) e menor ganho de garupa (P=0.10), comparado aos demais. As concentrações de eritrócitos e hematócrito tenderam a diminuir nos bezerros que receberam o tratamento SSFE (P<0.10). Nos primeiros 14 dias decorridos do desafio imunológico, o grupo controle apresentou maior taxa de infecção, com menor infestação observada em SSFE. Foi observado uma maior ingestão de selênio nos animais suplementados, com maior excreção via em SSE. A concentração de selênio no fígado e os níveis circulantes no soro sanguíneo foram maiores nos animais suplementados, sendo que SSFE apresentou os maiores níveis circulantes de ferro. A deposição muscular de selênio foi maior nos animais que receberam o tratamento SSE. A ingestão de ferro foi maior nos animais que receberam SSFE e a excreção urinária foi maior em SSFE. O fígado apresentou maiores concentrações de selênio e ferro nos animais suplementados com SSE e SSFE. A suplementação de selênio promoveu uma maior retenção do mineral no músculo. Diante da importância dos referidos minerais para sanidade animal e, tendo em vista que a absorção destes foi melhorada nos animais suplementados, o fornecimento destes para bezerras em fase de aleitamento mostra-se como uma importante ferramenta para garantir o desenvolvimento saudável dos animais dentro do sistema produtivo.The lactation phase is a critical period in the creation of calves and mineral and vitamin supplementation is essential for the animals to develop in a healthy and diseaseresistant way. Given this importance, a study was conducted with 45 male Holstein calves, divided into three treatments, as follows: control = without supplementation, SSE = 0.3 mg of selenium + 50 IU of vitamin E and SSFE 0.3 mg of selenium + 50 IU of vitamin E + 100 mg of iron/kg DM, both supplied via substitute. An immunological challenge was performed, with Anaplasma marginale, in all animals at 40 days of age. Individual blood samples were collected at the beginning of the experiment, as well as at 40 and 60 days of the experiment, to perform blood count, biochemical parameters and oxidative metabolism. Every two weeks, the animals were weighed and their body measurements were taken. Before completing 60 days of age, the calves were transferred and housed in individual metabolic cages, remaining there for 5 days, where daily samples of feces and urine were collected to determine the balance of selenium and iron. At the end of the experimental period, the animals were slaughtered and had liver and muscle samples collected. A lower concentration of the enzyme LDH was observed in the animals that received the SSFE and the Lactate was lower in both experimental treatments, compared to the control. Plasma urea decreased from the beginning to the 40th day of the experiment and an interaction between treatments and time on urea values was observed (P=0.05). The concentration of the GPx enzyme was higher in the supplemented animals and the GsH values did not differ between treatments. The animals that received the SSFE treatment tended towards greater weight gain (P<0.10) and lower rump gain (P=0.10), compared to the others. Erythrocyte and hematocrit concentrations tended to decrease in calves receiving the SSFE treatment (P<0.10). In the first 14 days after the immunological challenge, the control group had a higher rate of infection, with less infestation observed in SSFE. A higher selenium intake was observed in supplemented animals, with greater excretion via SSE. Selenium concentration in the liver and circulating levels in blood serum were higher in supplemented animals, with SSFE having the highest circulating levels of iron. Muscular selenium deposition was higher in animals that received SSE treatment. Iron intake was higher in animals receiving SSFE and urinary excretion was higher in SSFE. The liver showed higher concentrations of selenium and iron in animals supplemented with SSE and SSFE. Selenium supplementation promoted greater mineral retention in the muscle. In view of the importance of these minerals for animal health and, bearing in mind that their absorption was improved in supplemented animals, the supply of these to suckling calves is an important tool to ensure the healthy development of animals within the system productive

Intake, digestibility and ruminal parameters of dairy cows fed pelleted diets and treated with lignosulfonate-containing sunflower seeds

The objective of this study was to evaluate intake, in vitro and apparent digestibility and ruminal parameters of Holstein cows that were confined and fed corn silage and concentrate containing: ground sunflower seeds (GS); ground sunflower seeds treated with 5% lignosulfonate (GSL); pelleted sunflower seeds (PS); or ground and pelleted sunflower seeds treated with lignosulfonate (PSL). Four lactating cows with 130±28 days of lactation and body weights of 569±63 kg were used. These animals were distributed in a Latin square design with four diets and four periods of 21 days each. There were no differences in the intakes (% body weight) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), mineral matter (MM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) or acid detergent fiber (ADF). The apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF, ADF and NFC were similar for all the diets, with a tendency towards decreased CP digestibility for all the pelleted diets (65.79%) compared with the non-pelleted diets (69.66%). A negative effect of lignosulfonate was observed for the in vitro digestibility (IVD) of DM, and a negative tendency was observed for the IVD of OM. Pelleting decreased the concentration of acetic acid (55.95 × 58.82 mM) in rumen fluid. There was no effect of diet on pH (6.17) or ammonia nitrogen concentration (18.19 mg/dL). Pelleting and lignosulfonate do not promote the protective effect of sunflower seed nutrients as expected, and it may be more feasible to provide ground sunflower seed

Production, composition and fatty acid profile of milk and butter texture of dairy cows fed ground or pelleted concentrate with sunflower and/or lignosulfonate

The objective of this study was to evaluate the milk production, composition, milk fatty acid profile, butter texture and blood parameters of Holstein cows fed corn silage and concentrate containing one of the following: ground sunflower seeds; ground sunflower seeds treated with 50 g of lignosulfonate/kg of sunflower dry matter; pelleted sunflower seeds; or ground sunflower seeds pelleted and treated with 50 g of lignosulfonate/kg of sunflower dry matter. Four lactating cows were used, each with 130±28 days in lactation and a body weight of 569±63 kg. These animals were distributed in a Latin square design with four periods of 21 days each, with 14 days of adaptation and seven days of data collection. The diets were formulated to meet nutritional requirements and had a forage:concentrate ratio of 60:40. The milk fat was lower in the pelleted treatments. The concentrations of 16:1 n-11 and trans18:1 n-9 in the milk increased, and the n-6:n-3 ratio was higher for the pelleted treatments. The firmness and adhesiveness of the butter and the blood parameters analyzed were not affected by the treatments. Addition of lignosulfonate is not effective in protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids from the ruminal biohydrogenation process, and the pelleting process has little effect on the milk fatty acid profile and can not change the butter texture