Caracterização de mutantes condicionais do gene da desoxi-hipusina sintase em Saccharomyces cerevisiae

O fator de início de tradução 5A (eIF5A) é altamente conservado de arqueas a mamíferos e é essencial para a viabilidade celular. Este fator é a única proteína conhecida que sofre uma modificação pós-traducional única e necessária para a função de eIF5A, em que uma lisina específica é convertida em um resíduo de hipusina pela ação das enzimas desoxi-hipusina sintase (Dys1) e desoxi-hipusina hidroxilase (Lia1). Inicialmente, eIF5A foi relacionada à etapa do início da tradução, porém, dados recentes sugerem a sua atuação na etapa de elongação ao invés de início. No entanto, além do fato de a função específica de eIF5A na célula não ser conhecida, o papel da hipusinação para o funcionamento de eIF5A também não é conhecido. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar mutantes condicionais para o gene da desoxi- hipusina sintase e, dessa forma, contribuir para o entendimento não só da função da hipusinação sobre eIF5A, mas também para o entendimento da função específica de eIF5A na célula. Para isso, foram iniciadas análises de caracterização fenotípica com os alelos dys1Δ1-28 e dys1W75R/T118A/A147T (dys1-1). Inicialmente, foi realizada a subclonagem do alelo dys1Δ1-28 , uma vez que, por ter sido identificado em um rastreamento de duplo-híbrido, este alelo estava em fusão com a região codificadora do domínio de ativação de Gal4. Porém, após realização da subclonagem, ou seja, quando na ausência do domínio de ativação, este alelo não apresentou o fenótipo condicional de crescimento inicialmente observado. Portanto, o mutante se tornou impróprio para a realização dos ensaios subsequentes e foi descartado. Em seguida, foram iniciadas as análises com o alelo dys1-1, nas quais foi observada diminuição nos níveis totais de Dys1 mutada, e consequentemente, diminuição nos níveis de hipusinação. Devido a isso...The translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) is highly conserved from archaea to mammals and is essential for cell viability. This factor is the only known protein that undergoes an unique and essential post-translational modification, in which a specific lysine residue is converted into hypusine by the action of the enzymes deoxyhypusine synthase (Dys1) and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (Lia1). Initially, eIF5A was related to the initiation step of translation, however, recent data suggest a role in the elongation step of translation. However, besides the fact that the specific function of eIF5A in the cell is still obscure, the role of hypusination in eIF5A function is unknown. Thus, the goal of this project is to characterize conditional mutants of the deoxyhypusine synthase gene and thereby contribute to the understanding not only the function of hypusination in eIF5A, but also of the specific role of eIF5A in the cell. We started a phenotypic characterization of two different alleles: dys1Δ1-28 and dys1W75R/T118A/A147T (dys1-1). Initially, we performed a subcloning of the allele dys1Δ1-28 , once the allele was fused with the coding region of GAL4 activation domain, due to the fact that this allele is devived of a two-hybrid screening. However, after performing the subcloning, that is, in the absence of the activation domain, this allele showed no conditional growth phenotype as originally observed. Therefore, this mutant has become improper to carry out the subsequent analysis and was discarted. Then, the analyses with dys1-1 allele were initiated, in which it was observed a decrease in total levels of Dys1 and, consequently, a decrease in the hypusination levels. Because of that, this allele shows a decrease in cell growth rate and growth arrests after 24 hours in medium lacking the osmotic regulator. However, this growth arrest is not followed by cell lysis. Furthermore, the mutant ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Caracterização funcional do fator da tradução eIF5A por meio de interações genéticas

The translation factor 5A (eIF5A) is highly conserved in arqueas and eukaryotes and essential for cell viability. eIF5A is the only protein known to contain the essential amino acid hypusine, generated by a post-translational modification known as hypusination which occurs in two enzymatic steps catalyzed by the enzymes deoxyhypusine synthase (DYS1) and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (Lia1) enzymes. Although eIF5A has been implicated with the elongation step of translation, its specific function and the role of the hypusine residue is still unknown. For this purpose, this work further characterized the dys1-1 mutant, a conditional mutant of the deoxyhypusine synthase. The results revealed that the dys1-1 mutant shows a polysome profile defect characteristic of translation elongation factors, decrease of eIF5A binding to the polysome fractions and reduction of the total protein synthesis rate. Furthemore, genetic interaction analyses of eIF5A driven by hypotheses, from published and previous data obtained in our laboratory, were performed and revealed synthetic lethality between ASC1 mutants and the dys1-1 mutant and negative genetic interactions (synthetic sick) between the tif51A-1 mutant and mutants of genes related with secretion, specifically those involved with the co-translational translocation of proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum. Finally, high throuput genetic interaction analyses by Synthetic Genetic Array (SGA) were carried out using different eIF5A mutants and two S. cerevisiae mutant strain collections (deletion strains and temperature-sensitive mutants). The results showed, respectively, 338 and 239 genes of the deletion mutant and the temperature-sensitive mutant collections interacting with eIF5A mutants. A total of 577 positive and negative genetic interactions were observed. Moreover, the gene ontology analysis revealed genes involved with cell cycle (53%), DNA repair (18%), translation (16%) and vesicular trafficking/...O fator da tradução 5A (eIF5A) é altamente conservado em arqueas e eucariotos e essencial para a viabilidade celular. eIF5A é a única proteína conhecida que contém o aminoácido essencial hipusina, gerado através de uma modificação pós-traducional conhecida como hipusinação e que ocorre em duas etapas enzimáticas catalisadas pelas enzimas desoxi-hipusina sintase (Dys1) e desoxi-hipusina hidroxilase (Lia1). Apesar de eIF5A ter sido relacionada recentemente com a etapa da elongação da tradução, a função específica de eIF5A nesse processo, bem como o papel do resíduo de hipusina ainda não estão descritos. Com esse intuito, este trabalho aprofundou inicialmente a caracterização do mutante dys1-1, mutante condicional da enzima desoxi-hipusina sintase. Os resultados revelaram que o mutante dys1-1 apresenta defeito no perfil polissomal característico de fatores que atuam na etapa da elongação da tradução, diminuição da ligação de eIF5A nos polissomos e redução dos níveis de síntese proteica total. Além disso, foram realizadas análises de interação genética envolvendo eIF5A e dirigidas por hipóteses, à partir de dados já publicados ou resultados obtidos previamente pelo laboratório. Nestas análises foi identificada letalidade sintética entre mutantes de ASC1 e o mutante dys1-1, assim como interações genéticas negativas (synthetic sick) entre o mutante tif51A-1 e mutantes de genes relacionados com secreção, mais especificamente com a translocação de proteínas para o retículo endoplasmático pela via co-traducional. Finalmente, foram realizados rastreamentos de interações genéticas em larga escala por Synthetic Genetic Array (SGA), utilizando diferentes mutantes de eIF5A e duas coleções de linhagens mutantes de S. cerevisiae (linhagens nocautes e mutantes sensíveis a temperatura). Os resultados revelaram, respectivamente, 338 e 239 genes das coleções de linhagens nocautes e mutantes...Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Effect of a probiotic beverage consumption (Enterococcus faecium CRL 183 and Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15707) in rats with chemically induced colitis.

BACKGROUND:Some probiotic strains have the potential to assist in relieving the symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease. The impact of daily ingestion of a soy-based product fermented by Enterococcus faecium CRL 183 and Lactobacillus helveticus 416 with the addition of Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15707 on chemically induced colitis has been investigated thereof within a period of 30 days. METHODS:Colitis was induced by dextran sulfate sodium. The animals were randomly assigned into five groups: Group C: negative control; Group CL: positive control; Group CLF: DSS with the fermented product; Group CLP: DSS with the non-fermented product (placebo); Group CLS: DSS with sulfasalazine. The following parameters were monitored: disease activity index, fecal microbial analyses, gastrointestinal survival of probiotic microorganisms and short-chain fatty acids concentration in the feces. At the end of the protocol the animals' colons were removed so as to conduct a macroscopical and histopathological analysis, cytokines and nitrite quantification. RESULTS:Animals belonging to the CLF group showed fewer symptoms of colitis during the induction period and a lower degree of inflammation and ulceration in their colon compared to the CL, CLS and CLP groups (p<0.05). The colon of the animals in groups CL and CLS presented severe crypt damage, which was absent in CLF and CLP groups. A significant increase in the population of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. at the end of the protocol was verified only in the CLF animals (p<0.05). This group also showed an increase in short-chain fatty acids (propionate and acetate). Furthermore, the intestinal survival of E. faecium CRL 183 and B. longum ATCC 15707 in the CLF group has been confirmed by biochemical and molecular analyzes. CONCLUSIONS:The obtained results suggest that a regular intake of the probiotic product, and placebo to a lesser extent, can reduce the severity of DSS-induced colitis on rats

Representative photomicrographs from the different experimental colon groups, stained with hematoxylin/eosin.

<p><b>Group C:</b> healthy animals that did not receive the products under study. <b>Group C:</b> negative control–healthy animals; <b>Group CL:</b> positive control—DSS; <b>Group CLF:</b> DSS with the fermented product; <b>Group CLP:</b> DSS with the non-fermented product (placebo); <b>Group CLS:</b> DSS with sulfasalazine. (100x and 400x). <b>1:</b> healthy epithelium; <b>2 and 5</b>: epithelium with severe crypt damage, featuring as ulceration area; <b>3 e 4:</b> inflammatory cell infiltrated areas, however with no crypt alteration. n = 10.</p

Fecal SCFA concentration (mM/g) from different groups throughout the experimental period.

<p>Same lowercase letters indicate that there was no difference when comparing times. Same capital letters indicate that there was no difference when comparing groups (Tukey test, p<0.05). <b>Group C:</b> healthy animals that did not receive the products under study. <b>Group C:</b> negative control–healthy animals; <b>Group CL:</b> positive control—DSS; <b>Group CLF:</b> DSS with the fermented product; <b>Group CLP:</b> DSS with the non-fermented product (placebo); <b>Group CLS:</b> DSS with sulfasalazine. <b>T0</b> = before products administration, <b>T1</b> = one week after products administration, <b>T2</b> = colitis induction period, <b>T3</b> = one week after the end of the induction <b>T4</b> = at the end of the experiment. <b>A</b> = acetate, <b>B</b> = propionate, <b>C</b> = butyrate.</p

Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR products obtained from colonies isolated from feces in different groups of animals.

<p>Column 1: 1kb DNA ladder; column 2: <i>B</i>. <i>longum</i> ATCC 15707; column 3: T0 CLF group (before products administration), column 4: T1 CLF group (after 2 weeks of products administration); column 5: T2 CLF group (after 4 weeks of products administration); column 6: group C; column 7: group CL; column 8: group CLP; column 9: group CLS. <b>Group C:</b> negative control–healthy animals; <b>Group CL:</b> positive control—DSS; <b>Group CLF:</b> DSS with the fermented product; <b>Group CLP:</b> DSS with the non-fermented product (placebo); <b>Group CLS:</b> DSS with sulfasalazine.</p

Cytokines production in colon from different groups after 30 days of experimental protocol.

<p><b>Cytokine in colon.</b> Concentrations of TNF-α (A); IL-1β (B); IL-6 (C); TGF-β (D); IL-10 (E) and NO (F) were measured by ELISA in colon supernatants. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Means with the same letter in the same graphic do not differ (p<0.05) <b>Group C:</b> negative control–healthy animals; <b>Group CL:</b> positive control—DSS; <b>Group CLF:</b> DSS with the fermented product; <b>Group CLP:</b> DSS with the non-fermented product (placebo); <b>Group CLS:</b> DSS with sulfasalazine. n = 10.</p

Colitis induction and products administration during the experimental protocol.

<p>Colitis induction and products administration during the experimental protocol.</p