Effect of 4 weeks daily oral administration of geraniol (GO; 250 mg/kg), pioglitazone (PIO; 5 and10 mg/kg), and GO with PIO5 on hepatic (a) thiobarbituric acid reactive substance and (b) non protein thiols (NPSH), as well as hepatic (c) and serum (d) nitric oxide (NO) levels in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome (MetS) in rats. Values are mean (6–8 animals) ± SEM. <i>P</i>< 0.05, as compared to control (CONT) (*) and MetS (^#) groups using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey–Kramer test.

<p>Effect of 4 weeks daily oral administration of geraniol (GO; 250 mg/kg), pioglitazone (PIO; 5 and10 mg/kg), and GO with PIO5 on hepatic (a) thiobarbituric acid reactive substance and (b) non protein thiols (NPSH), as well as hepatic (c) and serum (d) nitric oxide (NO) levels in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome (MetS) in rats. Values are mean (6–8 animals) ± SEM. <i>P</i>< 0.05, as compared to control (CONT) (*) and MetS (^#) groups using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey–Kramer test.</p

Effect of 4 weeks daily oral administration of geraniol (GO; 250 mg/kg), pioglitazone (PIO; 5 and 10 mg/kg), and GO with PIO5 on serum alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) levels in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome (MetS) in rats.

<p>Effect of 4 weeks daily oral administration of geraniol (GO; 250 mg/kg), pioglitazone (PIO; 5 and 10 mg/kg), and GO with PIO5 on serum alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) levels in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome (MetS) in rats.</p

Effect of 4 weeks daily oral administration of geraniol (GO; 250 mg/kg), pioglitazone (PIO; 5 and 10 mg/kg), and GO with PIO5 on plasma serum fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, as well as homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), McAuley index, and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome (MetS) in rats.

<p>Effect of 4 weeks daily oral administration of geraniol (GO; 250 mg/kg), pioglitazone (PIO; 5 and 10 mg/kg), and GO with PIO5 on plasma serum fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, as well as homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), McAuley index, and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome (MetS) in rats.</p

Effect of 4 weeks daily oral administration of geraniol (GO; 250 mg/kg), pioglitazone (PIO; 5 and10 mg/kg), and GO with PIO5 on plasma (a) glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and (b) receptor for advanced glycated end product (RAGE) in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome (MetS) in rats.

<p>Values are mean (6–8 animals) ± SEM. <i>P</i>< 0.05, as compared to control (CONT) (*) and MetS (^#) groups using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey–Kramer test. Significant potentiative and synergistic interactions (^o) when GO and PIO5 were combined using the factorial design test.</p

Adult male Wistar rats (45 days; 170±20 g) were randomly divided into 2 experimental subsets, namely, control group (free access to water for 16 weeks then vehicle for 4 weeks) or metabolic syndrome (MetS; 10% fructose solution in drinking water for 16 weeks) subset.

<p>After 16 weeks, all animals were exposed to the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) after an overnight fast; and MetS was verified in the fructose fed rats. In the MetS experimental subset, rats were subdivided into MetS (1% Tween 80; 4 weeks; p.o), geraniol (GO; 250 mg/kg/day; 4 weeks; p.o); pioglitazone (PIO; 5 and 10 mg/kg/day; 4 weeks; p.o), and GO/PIO5 groups. These animals were further supplied with 10% fructose solution in drinking water for 4 weeks. Insulin resistance was tested using IPGTT 24 h after last treatments or vehicle administration and after an overnight fast in all groups. Body weight was recorded at baseline and after 20 weeks of the beginning of the experiments. Blood was collected and then rats were euthanized to dissect the liver and visceral fat for different assessments.</p

Effect of 4 weeks daily oral administration of geraniol (GO; 250 mg/kg), pioglitazone (PIO; 5 and10 mg/kg), and GO with PIO5 on (a) systolic blood pressure and (b) serum uric acid level in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome (MetS) in rats.

<p>Values are mean (6–8 animals) ± SEM. <i>P</i>< 0.05, as compared to control (CONT) (*) and MetS (^#) groups using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey–Kramer test.</p

Effect of 4 weeks daily oral administration of geraniol (GO; 250 mg/kg), pioglitazone (PIO; 5 and10 mg/kg), and GO with PIO5 on serum (a) interleukin (IL)-1β, (b) tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and (c) adiponectin levels in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome (MetS) in rats. Values are mean (6–8 animals) ± SEM. <i>P</i>< 0.05, as compared to control (CONT) (*) and MetS (^#) groups using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey–Kramer test.

<p>Effect of 4 weeks daily oral administration of geraniol (GO; 250 mg/kg), pioglitazone (PIO; 5 and10 mg/kg), and GO with PIO5 on serum (a) interleukin (IL)-1β, (b) tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and (c) adiponectin levels in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome (MetS) in rats. Values are mean (6–8 animals) ± SEM. <i>P</i>< 0.05, as compared to control (CONT) (*) and MetS (^#) groups using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey–Kramer test.</p

Effect of 4 weeks daily oral administration of geraniol (GO; 250 mg/kg), pioglitazone (PIO; 5 and 10 mg/kg), and GO with PIO5 on intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome (MetS) in rats.

<p>Effect of 4 weeks daily oral administration of geraniol (GO; 250 mg/kg), pioglitazone (PIO; 5 and 10 mg/kg), and GO with PIO5 on intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome (MetS) in rats.</p

Effect of 4 weeks daily oral administration of geraniol (GO; 250 mg/kg), pioglitazone (PIO; 5 and 10 mg/kg), and GO with PIO5 on serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), very low density lipoprotein-triglycerides (VLDL-TG), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome (MetS) in rats.

<p>Effect of 4 weeks daily oral administration of geraniol (GO; 250 mg/kg), pioglitazone (PIO; 5 and 10 mg/kg), and GO with PIO5 on serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), very low density lipoprotein-triglycerides (VLDL-TG), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome (MetS) in rats.</p

Effect of 4 weeks daily oral administration of geraniol (GO; 250 mg/kg), pioglitazone (PIO; 5 and10 mg/kg), and GO with PIO5 on (a) body weight gain, (b) visceral index, and (c) adipose PPAR-γ transcriptional activity in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome (MetS) in rats.

<p>Values are mean (6–8 animals) ± SEM. <i>P</i>< 0.05, as compared to control (CONT) (*) and MetS (^#) groups using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey–Kramer test.</p