Biobutanol production from sago hampas through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824

The mounting prices of the current gasoline have driven the attention of researchers towards the utilization of various biomass residue for the production of biobutanol as it has a superior fuel characteristic. Sago hampas contains starchy and lignocellulosic materials that is usually discharged to the nearby river without a proper treatment. It is composed of 54.6% starch and 31.7% of cellulose and hemicellulose with only 3.3% of lignin. High carbohydrate contents with low percentage of lignin and no pretreatment process is required, make the sago hampas as a promising feedstock for biobutanol production. Simultaneous saccharification and acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation approach which is the conjoint addition of glucoamylase and cellulase together with microorganism and biomass in a single vessel system is carried out in order to reduce step, cost and time in biobutanol production. In this study, the saccharification of sago hampas is done using Dextrozyme amylase and Acremonium cellulase. The simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of sago hampas conducted at the conditions needed for ABE fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 produced 3.81 g/L biobutanol concentration and yield of 0.11 g/gsugar. In this study, it suggested that sago hampas possess great potential to be implemented for biobutanol production using the simultaneous system integrated two different processes of saccharification and fermentation

Effect of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) particle size on cellulase production by Botryosphaeria sp. in solid state fermentation.

Locally isolated Botryosphaeria sp. showed the ablity to produce cellulases (FPase, CMCase and β-glucosidase) from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) as substrate. Different particle sizes (0.25-0.3 mm, 0.42-0.6 mm, 0.84-1.0 mm and 5.0-10 mm) of OPEFB were investigated under solid state fermentation on the cellulase production. The highest production of FPase and β-glucosidase were obtained from OPEFB particle size of 0.42 - 0.60 mm with 3.261 ± 0.011 U/g and 0.115 ± 0.008 U/g, respectively. It was found that among the four different OPEFB particle sizes studied, particle size of 0.84 - 1.0 mm gave the highest activity of CMCase (8.134 ± 0.071 U/g). Highest concentration of reducing sugars produced in this experiment was 4.303 ± 0.095 mg/ml

Effect of physical and chemical properties of oil palm empty fruit bunch, decanter cake and sago pith residue on cellulases production by Trichoderma asperellum UPM1 and Aspergillus fumigatus UPM2

The effect of cultivation condition of two locally isolated ascomycetes strains namely Trichoderma asperellum UPM1 and Aspergillus fumigatus UPM2 were compared in submerged and solid state fermentation. Physical evaluation on water absorption index, solubility index and chemical properties of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose content as well as the cellulose structure on crystallinity and amorphous region of treated oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) (resulted in partial removal of lignin), sago pith residues (SPR) and oil palm decanter cake towards cellulases production were determined. Submerged fermentation shows significant cellulases production for both strains in all types of substrates. Crystallinity of cellulose and its chemical composition mainly holocellulose components was found to significantly affect the total cellulase synthesis in submerged fermentation as the higher crystallinity index, and holocellulose composition will increase cellulase production. Treated OPEFB apparently induced the total cellulases from T. asperellum UPM1 and A. fumigatus UPM2 with 0.66 U/mg FPase, 53.79 U/mg CMCase, 0.92 U/mg β-glucosidase and 0.67 U/mg FPase, 47.56 U/mg and 0.14 U/mg β-glucosidase, respectively. Physical properties of water absorption and solubility for OPEFB and SPR also had shown significant correlation on the cellulases production

Fungal pretreatment of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) using locally isolated fungus for fermentation feedstock

Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) is one of the biomass generated from palm oil mills. OPEFB contained lignocellulosic components that can be converted into the value-added product through several pretreatment such as physical, chemical, physicochemical and biological pretreatments. Currently, physicochemical pretreatment is the most common pretreatment used to pretreat and convert OPEFB into fermentation feedstock. However, this type of pretreatment requires high energy input and chemical usage that leads to environmental issues. Therefore, mild pretreatment such as biological pretreatment can be considered as one of the alternatives to pretreat OPEFB as it requires low energy and serves as environmental friendly pretreatment. Biological pretreatment can be divided into two which is fungal pretreatment and enzymatic pretreatment. Particularly, biological pretreatment using ligninolytic fungus is cheaper compared to enzymatic pretreatment. The wood-rot fungi, especially white-rot fungi are the fungi that able to produce the ligninolytic enzymes and contribute to the modification of lignocellulosic structure and hemicellulose removal. The isolated fungus in this study is one of the white-rot fungi that most likely has the ability for biodegradation as any other well-establish fungi. Thus, biological pretreatment using isolated fungus will be carried out in this study to convert the OPEFB into fermentation feedstock as the value-added product

Laccase enzyme production by Pycnoporus sanguineus using oil palm empty fruit bunch as substrate

Laccase is one of the ligninolytic enzymes along with manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase. The biotechnological use of laccase has been widely applied in various field ranging from discoloration of textile dye effluent, pulp and paper processing, removal of phenolics from wine and many more. The white rot basidiomycete fungus Pycnoporus sanguineus is reported to be one of the most prominent laccase producers. Over the last few decades, many efforts have been done to improve the laccase enzyme production. The addition of inducer is expected to increase the laccase production as it will induce high expression of laccase gene by the fungus. Different types of inducer which are veratryl alcohol, copper sulfate, 2,5-xylidine and ferulic acid were investigated in this study using oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) as substrate in a submerged fermentation condition. Each inducer was added at certain concentration into the enzyme production medium using one factor at a time approach. An increase in laccase enzyme activity was observed with the addition of inducer into the basal medium. Hence, laccase production by Pycnoporus sanguineus can be improved with the addition of inducer

Biobutanol production through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation

Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation is a feasible process for biobutanol production. Biobutanol serves as alternative to the depleting fossil fuels source and also environmental friendly. Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) is one of the renewable lignocellulosic biomass that can be utilized as substrates in the process. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation incorporates one-step addition of microorganism, cellulase enzymes and biomass in a vessel. The simultaneous system works by employing Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 with Acremonium cellulase to hydrolyze 2% NaOH alkali pretreated OPEFB with autoclave. Enhancement of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation through one factor at a time followed by statistical analysis using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) aimed for high yield of biobutanol. The system will further undergo scaling up process. This research is expected to contribute to fuel sustainability in the future

Cellulosic biobutanol by clostridia: challenges and improvements

The gradual shift of transportation fuels from oil based fuels to alternative fuel resources and worldwide demand for energy has been the impetus for research to produce alcohol biofuels from renewable resources which focus on utilizing simple sugars from lignocellulosic biomass, the largest known renewable carbohydrate source as an alternative. Currently, the usage of bioethanol and biodiesel do not cover an increasing demand for biofuels. Hence, there is an extensive need for advanced biofuels with superior fuel properties. Biobutanol is regarded to be an excellent biofuel compared to bioethanol in terms of energy density and hygroscopicity, could be produced through acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation process. Even though the ABE fermentation is one of the oldest large-scale fermentation processes, biobutanol yield by anaerobic fermentation remains sub-optimal. For sustainable industrial scale of biobutanol production, a number of obstacles need to be addressed including choice of feedstock, low product yield, product toxicity to strain, multiple end-products and downstream processing of alcohol mixtures plus the metabolic engineering for improvement of fermentation process and products. Studies on the kinetic and physiological models for fermentation using lignocellulosic biomass provide useful information for process optimization. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) with in-situ product removal techniques have been developed to improve production economics due to the lower biobutanol yield in the fermentation broth. The present review is attempting to provide an overall outlook on the discoveries and strategies that are being developed for biobutanol production from lignocellulosic biomass

Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of sago hampas into biobutanol by Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824

Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) by Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 was conducted to produce biobutanol from sago hampas. Sago hampas is a waste generated from the processing of sago starch. This waste is composed of 54.6% starch and 31.7% of cellulose and hemicellulose, with only 3.3% of lignin. In order to fully utilize the starch and cellulosic materials, saccharification using a mixture of amylase (Dextrozyme) and cellulase (Acremonium cellulase) was conducted using 0.09 g/mL sago hampas, producing 67.0 g/L of fermentable sugar. The SSF and delayed SSF (DSSF) were conducted using 0.07 g/mL sago hampas with the optimized enzyme loading of Dextrozyme amylase (71.4 U/gsubstrate) and Acremonium cellulase (20 FPU/gsubstrate). The SSF of sago hampas generated 6.12 g/L of solvents with biobutanol concentration of 3.81 g/L and the yield of 0.11 g- biobutanol/g- sugar. In order to improve biobutanol concentration and productivity, DSSF was intro-duced. In DSSF, the inoculum was introduced into the system after 24 hour of fermentation to allow the optimal saccharification process for sugar production. This process generated 4.62 g/L of biobutanol which was 18% higher than normal SSF since the saccharification and fermentation were operated at their optimal condition

Extraction and surface modification of cellulose fibers and its reinforcement in starch-based film for packaging composites

Background Cellulose extraction from gloss art paper (GAP) waste is a recycling strategy for the abundance of gloss art paper waste. Here, a study was conducted on the impact of ultrasonic homogenization for cellulose extraction from GAP waste to improve the particle size, crystallinity, and thermal stability. Results At treatment temperature of 75.8 °C, ultrasonic power level of 70.3% and 1.4 h duration, cellulose with properties of 516.4 nm particle size, 71.5% crystallinity, and thermal stability of 355.2 °C were extracted. Surface modification of cellulose GAP waste with H3PO4 hydrolysis and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO) oxidation was done followed by starch reinforcement. Surface hydrophobicity and mechanical strength were increased for H3PO4 hydrolysis and TEMPO oxidation starch–cellulose. No reduction of thermal properties observed during the treatment, while increment of crystallinity index up to 47.65–59.6% was shown. Neat starch film was more transparent, followed by starch–TEMPO film and starch–H3PO4 film, due to better homogeneity. Conclusions The cellulose GAP reinforced starch film shows potential in developing packaging materials and simultaneously provide an alternative solution of GAP waste recycling

Cellulase production from treated oil palm empty fruit bunch degradation by locally isolated Thermobifida fusca.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the production of cellulases from locally isolated bacteria, Thermobifida fusca, using thermal and chemical treated oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) as substrate in liquid-state fermentation (LSF). T. fusca was successfully isolated and was a dominant cellulase producer in OPEFB composting at the thermophilic stage. Analysis of the surface morphology of OPEFB samples using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed that the most significant changes after the combination of thermal and chemical pretreatment was the removal of silica bodies, and this observation was supported by X-ray Diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) showing changes on the hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignin structures throughout the pretreatment process. As a result of the pretreatment, higher cellulase production by T. fusca was obtained. The highest activity for CMCase, FPase, and β-glucosidase using optimally treated OPEFB were 0.24 U/mL, 0.34 U/mL, and 0.04 U/mL, respectively. Therefore, it can be suggested that the combination of chemical and thermal pretreatments enhances the degradation of OPEFB for subsequent use as fermentation substrate, contributing to a higher cellulases yield by T. fusca