Sensory analysis of the fruit juice of palmyrah palm (Borassus aethiopum): A decision making tool.

Systematic training of panelists to generate terms that describe and quantify the sensory characteristics of Borassus juice enabled the profiling of the product. The experimental study was conducted at the University of Cocody (Ivory Coast). Sixteen students and employees were selected as judges based on willingness to consume Borassus juices and no history of negative allergic reactions. The judges were further screened using triangle tests and ability to determine varying intensities of selected descriptors for tropical fruit juices (sweetness, bitterness, sourness, saltiness). The training sessions were held twice a week for two months. Reference standards for each descriptor as well as unstructured scaling consisting of a horizontal 15 cm line with anchor points were used. A consumer test using a three point acceptability scale (tastes great, acceptable, unacceptable) was used. Bitterness was the dominant descriptor, followed by sweetness. Saltiness and sourness had minimum contribution to the taste of the juices. Sugars/ bitter compounds combination play an important role in the flavour characteristics and in the consumer acceptability. Free sugars were determined by HPLC in the extracted Borassus juice. The dominant sugar was sucrose (47 mg/ml) followed by glucose (24.6 mg/ml) and fructose (16.5 mg/ml). A glucose / fructose ratio close to 1, and a glucose+fructose/ sucrose ratio close to 1 both of which are good indexes of authenticity of Borassus juices. Majority of the consumer panel (93%) found the juice acceptable or excellent (tastes great). The results represent a major breakthrough for the improvement of the incomes of poor populations in savannah regions of Western Africa via the creation of juice processing units. Juice processing is a better alternative than wine making because sap harvesting methods leads to the death of the palm. The populations of Borassus are highly endangered due to the lack of reforestation of the degraded areas. Preservation of the biodiversity in rural areas will benefit from this research.Key words: Sensory, Panel, acceptability, pectinase, Borassus aethiopu

Sensory Analysis Of The Fruit Juice Of Palmyrah Palm (Borassus Aethiopum): A Decision Making Tool

Systematic training of panelists to generate terms that describe and quantify the sensory characteristics of Borassus juice enabled the profiling of the product. The experimental study was conducted at the University of Cocody (Ivory Coast). Sixteen students and employees were selected as judges based on willingness to consume Borassus juices and no history of negative allergic reactions. The judges were further screened using triangle tests and ability to determine varying intensities of selected descriptors for tropical fruit juices (sweetness, bitterness, sourness, saltiness). The training sessions were held twice a week for two months. Reference standards for each descriptor as well as unstructured scaling consisting of a horizontal 15 cm line with anchor points were used. A consumer test using a three point acceptability scale (tastes great, acceptable, unacceptable) was used. Bitterness was the dominant descriptor, followed by sweetness. Saltiness and sourness had minimum contribution to the taste of the juices. Sugars/ bitter compounds combination play an important role in the flavour characteristics and in the consumer acceptability. Free sugars were determined by HPLC in the extracted Borassus juice. The dominant sugar was sucrose (47 mg/ml) followed by glucose (24.6 mg/ml) and fructose (16.5 mg/ml). A glucose / fructose ratio close to 1, and a glucose+fructose/ sucrose ratio close to 1 both of which are good indexes of authenticity of Borassus juices. Majority of the consumer panel (93%) found the juice acceptable or excellent (tastes great). The results represent a major breakthrough for the improvement of the incomes of poor populations in savannah regions of Western Africa via the creation of juice processing units. Juice processing is a better alternative than wine making because sap harvesting methods leads to the death of the palm. The populations of Borassus are highly endangered due to the lack of reforestation of the degraded areas. Preservation of the biodiversity in rural areas will benefit from this research

Assessment of organochlorine pesticides residues in fish sold in Abidjan markets and fishing sites.

This study aimed to investigate the organochlorine pesticide residues in fish sold in markets and fishing sites in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. Pesticides are not only used in agriculture but also in public health for the prevention of malaria. However, pesticide residues may be found in foodstuffs. Contamination of foods by pesticides can give rise to carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic effects. Pesticides are also accountable for toxic effects on the nervous, immune, reproductive, renal, hepatic and hematopoietic systems. For the present study, one hundred fish specimens representing five fish species collected from markets and fishing sites were analyzed. Analyses were performed with the help of a Gas Chromatograph (GC), brand Agilent Instruments 6890N equipped with two micro-electrons capture detectors (μECD), two Zebron capillary columns (ZB-5MS and ZB-1701P; 30 m x 0.25 mm x 0.25 μm), an automatic injector and monitored by a microcomputer equipped with the ChemStationplus software version 2002. The injection was done in Splitless mode and Nitrogen N50 was used as vector gas. Of the 16 organochlorine pesticides considered in this study, 11 were present in the samples analyzed, at various concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 14.4 μg.kg-1 of fresh product. Samples were mostly contaminated by Dichloro Diphenyl Dichloroethane (DDD). The catfish, with a total average concentration (27.2 μg.kg-1 of fresh product) was the most contaminated species. Heads (27.8 μg.kg-1 of fresh product) and viscera (17.5 μg.kg-1 of fresh product) were, respectively the most contaminated parts of the fish species analyzed. The fishing port of Vridi was the most contaminated site. The species collected on this site presented a total average concentration of 24.4 μg.kg-1 of fresh product. The comparison of total concentration mean of organochlorine pesticides in species collected, with the maximum residue limits (MRL) set for the fishery products, suggests that health risks faced by populations in Abidjan through fish consumption are currently low.Key words: Organochlorine pesticides, GC, Fish, Consumptio

Etude descriptive de la formation d’acrylamide dans quelques aliments à risques industriels et domestiques en Côte d’Ivoire

Les risques de formation de l’acrylamide dans certains aliments domestiques (pomme de terre, igname, banane plantain) et industriels dérivés du café et du cacao, consommés en Côte d’Ivoire, ont été évalués. Cette étude a été réalisée à partir d’une enquête descriptive des méthodes de fabrication, des modes et des conditions de préparation des aliments dans des structures industrielles, de formation ou de recherches, ainsi que dans des lieux de restauration collective. Les principaux facteurs de risque de formation in situ de l’acrylamide alimentaire sont la température (supérieure à 120 °C) et la durée des traitements thermiques industriels (torréfaction) ou domestiques (friture, grillade, cuisson au four). Ces risques sont plus élevés pour les frites de pomme de terre et pour les dérivés du café. L’analyse des méthodes de transformations industrielles et domestiques des aliments peut permettre de déterminer des indicateurs pour mettre en oeuvre des mesures de prévention ou de réduction du risque de formation de l’acrylamide alimentaire.© 2009 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots-clés: Acrylamide, aliments, facteurs de risque

Niveaux de contamination en pesticides organochlorés des noix de Cola nitida

L’objectif de cette étude est de déterminer le niveau de contamination en pesticides organochlorés des noix fraîches ou sèches de Cola nitida (Sterculiaceae) en Côte d’Ivoire. Ainsi, 108 échantillons de noix de colafraîches et 27 échantillons de noix sèches ont été collectés dans les 9 plus grands magasins de traitement des noix de cola de la ville d’Anyama en Côte d’Ivoire. Les concentrations en 18 pesticides organochlorés ont étédéterminées au chromatographe en phase gazeuse de marque Agilent Technologies 6980N munie de deux détecteurs à capture d’électrons (μECD), deux colonnes capillaires (30 m X 0,25 mm X 0,25 μm) et d’uninjecteur automatique. Les résultats révèlent la présence de pesticides organochlorés dans tous les échantillons. Les pesticides les plus retrouvées sont les hexachlorocyclohexanes (alpha, bêta, delta et gammahexachlorocyclohexane) avec des concentrations comprises entre 2,0 et 237 μg/kg), l’endosulfane et ses isomères (endosulfane I, endosulfane II et endosulfane sulfate) avec des concentrations de 2,0 à 99,0 μg/kg) etle DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) et ses isomères (DDD et DDE) avec des concentrations de 2,0 à 72,0 μg/kg). La présence de pesticides organochlorés à des concentrations très variables dans les différents échantillons analysés traduisent la nécessité d’organiser la filière cola, entièrement informelle, de sensibiliser les intervenants et les consommateurs sur la toxicité de ces substances. Par ailleurs, il est urgent de mettre en oeuvre des moyens plus respectueux de l’environnement et de la santé des consommateurs en ce qui concerne la lutte contre les ravageurs des stocks de noix de cola. Mots clés: noix de cola, pesticides organochlorés, chromatographie en phase gazeuse

Assessment Of Organochlorine Pesticides Residues In Fish Sold In Abidjan Markets And Fishing Sites

This study aimed to investigate the organochlorine pesticide residues in fish sold in markets and fishing sites in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Pesticides are not only used in agriculture but also in public health for the prevention of malaria. However, pesticide residues may be found in foodstuffs. Contamination of foods by pesticides can give rise to carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic effects. Pesticides are also accountable for toxic effects on the nervous, immune, reproductive, renal, hepatic and hematopoietic systems. For the present study, one hundred fish specimens representing five fish species collected from markets and fishing sites were analyzed. Analyses were performed with the help of a Gas Chromatograph (GC), brand Agilent Instruments 6890N equipped with two micro-electrons capture detectors (μECD), two Zebron capillary columns (ZB-5MS and ZB-1701P; 30 m x 0.25 mm x 0.25 μm), an automatic injector and monitored by a microcomputer equipped with the ChemStation plus software version 2002. The injection was done in Splitless mode and Nitrogen N50 was used as vector gas. Of the 16 organochlorine pesticides considered in this study, 11 were present in the samples analyzed, at various concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 14.4 μg.kg-1 of fresh product. Samples were mostly contaminated by Dichloro Diphenyl Dichloroethane (DDD). The catfish, with a total average concentration (27.2 μg.kg-1 of fresh product) was the most contaminated species. Heads (27.8 μg.kg-1 of fresh product) and viscera (17.5 μg.kg-1 of fresh product) were, respectively the most contaminated parts of the fish species analyzed. The fishing port of Vridi was the most contaminated site. The species collected on this site presented a total average concentration of 24.4 μg.kg-1 of fresh product. The comparison of total concentration mean of organochlorine pesticides in species collected, with the maximum residue limits (MRL) set for the fishery products, suggests that health risks faced by populations in Abidjan through fish consumption are currently low

Determination Of Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether Content In Foods From Lacquered Cans

Canned foods are increasingly used in food packaging. Packaging serves mainly to preserve, inform and sell foodstuffs. In order to avoid migration issues of chemical compounds from tin cans to foods, covering internal surface of the tin cans with epoxyphenolic and organosol resins is widespread. However, monomers like Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether (BADGE), number among the constituents of these resins capable of migrating to foods. This chemical compound (BADGE) is highly toxic not only for the immune, reproductive and hepatic systems but also for biomolecules such as DNA, nucleic acids, proteins, and hormones. Simulation tests of migration can be used to assess the significance of BADGE migration. For this study, the migration and degradation tests were realized with metallic sheets and cans lacquered with epoxyphenolic or organosol resins. BADGE concentrations were determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) using a Hewlett Packard HPLC chromatograph 1050 serial equipped with an injection valve of 50 μL, a Hewlett Packard spectrophotometric UV detector serial 1050 and a Hewlett Packard integrator serial 3396. BADGE detections were made at 275 nm and compounds were separated on a LiChrospher 100 RP-18 (Merck, 250 x 4 mm I.D., 5 μm) column protected by a guard LiChrospher 100 RP-18 (Merk, 5 μm) column. The mobile phase was a mixture of methanol, water, and dichloromethane (CH3OH-H2O-CH2Cl2) according to 50%-20%-30% proportion of solvents and the flow was 1 mL.min-1. The content in BADGE ranged from 3 to 37 μg.L-1. These concentrations were only slightly influenced by the storage conditions (duration and temperature). The highest concentrations were found in distilled water from cans analyzed just after sterilization and the lowest concentrations in distilled water from cans stored at least one day before analyses. BADGE degradation tests in aqueous environment provided an explanation to the lowest concentrations of BADGE in lacquered cans. Finally, the number of sterilization also proved to be critically important for the reduction of BADGE content in cans

Comportement hydrothermique des amidons de 4 variétés de manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivées en Côte d’Ivoire

Les études menées dans cet article ont porté sur l’hydrolyse enzymatique et acide ménagée, sur la détermination de la teneur en amylose et en amylopectine, sur le gonflement selon la méthode directe et sur la viscosité des amidons d’Attiéké Mossi 2, d’Agbablé 1, de Kétévie et de TA (8), toutes des variétés de manioc cultivées en Côte d’Ivoire. Ces études ont démontré que l’amidon de Kétévie est le plus enclin aux agressions acide et enzymatique. Et que celui d’Attiéké Mossi 2 est le plus résistant à ces facteurs. Concernant l’amylose, l’amidon d’Agbablé 1 possède la teneur la plus élevée (23,39%) tandis que celui d’Attiéké Mossi 2 dispose de la plus faible teneur (18,16%). La détermination du gonflement selon la méthode directe démontre que l’amidon d’Agbablé 1 présente la plus grande capacité d’absorption d’eau (74,26 g d’eau/g d’amidon) tandis que celui de Kétévie gonfle le moins (56,64 g d’eau/g d’amidon). Au niveau de la viscosité, la plus élevée (225,3 cSt) est observée chez l’amidon d’Attiéké Mossi 2 et la moins élevée (155,5 cSt), chez celui de TA (8).Ces observations font de l’amidon de Kétévie le plus intéressant en termes d’une utilisation en tant qu’excipient dans les comprimés. Aussi, conformément à des études préalables, l’amidon d’Agbablé 1 parait selon la présente étude, le plus prédisposé à une forte libération d’eau (synérèse) lors d’une longue conservation, tandis que celui d’Attiéké Mossi 2 est le moins prédisposé à la synérèse.Mots clés: Manihot esculenta Crantz, amidon, manioc, cultivés, Côte d’Ivoir