Chimeric antigen receptor–T cell therapy manufacturing: modelling the effect of offshore production on aggregate cost of goods

Cell and gene therapies have demonstrated excellent clinical results across a range of indications with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)–T cell therapies among the first to reach market. Although these therapies are currently manufactured using patient-derived cells, therapies using healthy donor cells are in development, potentially offering avenues toward process improvement and patient access. An allogeneic model could significantly reduce aggregate cost of goods (COGs), potentially improving market penetration of these life-saving treatments. Furthermore, the shift toward offshore production may help reduce manufacturing costs. In this article, we examine production costs of an allogeneic CAR-T cell process and the potential differential manufacturing costs between regions. Two offshore locations are compared with regions within the United States. The critical findings of this article identify the COGs challenges facing manufacturing of allogeneic CAR-T immunotherapies, how these may evolve as production is sent offshore and the wider implication this trend could have

Industrial policy refraction: how corporate strategy shapes development outcomes in Brazil

This dissertation is motivated by a desire to understand why multinational firms respond to industrial policies in different ways, and how their responses shape development outcomes. From 18th­century United States to modern-­day Brazil, governments have relied on tariff and non-­tariff barriers to induce industrial development within their countries' borders. For states seeking to catch up, the acquisition and assimilation of frontier technology has always been paramount (Abramovitz, 1986). Multinational firms based in industrialized countries have long been seen as sources of technology (Evans, 1979). Despite their importance in the process of economic development, they are often underspecified in the literature. Scholars of various disciplinary persuasions have examined industrial policy's antecedents (Dobbin, 1994; Breznitz, 2007) as well as its design principles (Rodrik, 2004; Sabel, 2009), but few have examined its object: the firm. My aim in this study is to explore how corporate strategy moderates the relationship between an industrial policy's aims and its outcomes. I examine two multinational information and communication technology (ICT) firms, explaining why they have responded to the Brazilian Informatics Law in different ways, and why these differences matter. On the basis of interviews, extended periods of observation and secondary materials, I develop a multilevel comparative case study that focuses on these firms and their Brazilian subsidiaries, as well as on their local research and development (R&amp;D) partners and the teams of engineers that comprise them. I introduce the inductively derived concept of industrial policy refraction, proposing that foreign firms respond to host countries' industrial policies in ways that are consonant with their corporate strategies; that centralized firms are less likely to comply with a host government's demands than are decentralized firms. Refraction is not categorical, but a matter of degree. My findings are brought to bear on three traditionally disparate bodies of research âindustrial policy, corporate strategy and institutional theory â extending each and also bringing them into fruitful communion with one another.</p

Industrial policy refraction: how corporate strategy shapes development outcomes in Brazil

This dissertation is motivated by a desire to understand why multinational firms respond to industrial policies in different ways, and how their responses shape development outcomes. From 18th­century United States to modern-­day Brazil, governments have relied on tariff and non-­tariff barriers to induce industrial development within their countries' borders. For states seeking to catch up, the acquisition and assimilation of frontier technology has always been paramount (Abramovitz, 1986). Multinational firms based in industrialized countries have long been seen as sources of technology (Evans, 1979). Despite their importance in the process of economic development, they are often underspecified in the literature. Scholars of various disciplinary persuasions have examined industrial policy's antecedents (Dobbin, 1994; Breznitz, 2007) as well as its design principles (Rodrik, 2004; Sabel, 2009), but few have examined its object: the firm. My aim in this study is to explore how corporate strategy moderates the relationship between an industrial policy's aims and its outcomes. I examine two multinational information and communication technology (ICT) firms, explaining why they have responded to the Brazilian Informatics Law in different ways, and why these differences matter. On the basis of interviews, extended periods of observation and secondary materials, I develop a multilevel comparative case study that focuses on these firms and their Brazilian subsidiaries, as well as on their local research and development (R&amp;D) partners and the teams of engineers that comprise them. I introduce the inductively derived concept of industrial policy refraction, proposing that foreign firms respond to host countries' industrial policies in ways that are consonant with their corporate strategies; that centralized firms are less likely to comply with a host government's demands than are decentralized firms. Refraction is not categorical, but a matter of degree. My findings are brought to bear on three traditionally disparate bodies of research –industrial policy, corporate strategy and institutional theory – extending each and also bringing them into fruitful communion with one another.</p

Supplier Strategy in Global Value Chains: Shaping Governance and Profiting from Upgrading

The growth of emerging market firms with a global presence highlights the need to better understand how supplier strategy influences global value chains (GVCs). We respond to this need by applying corporate strategy and technology strategy to improve the predictive and prescriptive power of GVC theory. Under what circumstances can suppliers in GVCs shape governance and profit from upgrading? Using corporate strategy, we argue that supplier strategy concerning make-or-buy decisions and buyer diversification can effect a change in governance mode. Using technology strategy, we identify appropriability regimes and complementary assets as essential pre-conditions for suppliers capturing value from upgrading. Our central contribution is in developing an integrative theoretical framework for analyzing how suppliers alter governance over time, and how they capture the value they create by upgrading, resulting in shifts in value chain polarity. This framework has significant implications for economic development