Hydrogeological investigations of the Palmerston North region : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science with Honours in Earth Science at Massey University

The Lower Manawatu River Valley and its major tributary the Pohangina River Valley are incised within the marine strata of the South Wanganui Basin. Lining each valley are a flight of both aggradational and degradational terraces. Three aggradational terraces are identified and correlated with the Ohakea, Rata, and Porewa terraces of the Rangitikei River Valley which aggraded during stadial periods of the Last (Otiran) Glaciation. The distribution of these terraces in the Lower Manawatu River Valley is discussed and their cover beds described. Previous river channels of the Manawatu River are identified by means of bore-log information. The nature and history of the Manawatu River has resulted in a sequence of clay, silt, sand, and gravel deposits which is exceedingly complex in detail. Cross-sections are presented which show this complexity. This has been the main factor influencing the distribution and nature of the aquifers in the region. Water is normally extracted from the coarsest deposits with 75% of the bores in the region obtaining water from gravel layers, 15% from sand layers, and 10% from sand/gravel mixtures. The aquifer system is considered to be "leaky" due to the complex arrangement of lithologies allowing water to flow both vertically and horizontally without much impedance. Depth ranges of 0-60 m, 60-120 m, and > 120 m below the ground surface are considered to be the closest resemblance to separate aquifers. Piezometric contour maps are presented which show an overall groundwater flow direction for all the depth ranges from east to west along the Manawatu River Valley with additional water influx from the Pohangina and Oroua River catchments. Transmisivities of the aquifer system ranges between 150-2000 m2/day and storativity between 1.1 × 19-4 and 3.2 × 10-4. Static water levels and discharge rates increase with depth and decrease from east to west. Nearly all the bores in the area are naturally flowing artesian, making the entire area a discharge zone. Recharge of the aquifer system is from two sources. Firstly, direct percolation of atmospheric precipitation, the main source areas being the Tararua Range, the Ruahine Range, and both the eastern and western flanks of the Pohangina Anticline, and secondly, river recharge. There is a significant loss (6,500 1/s) of water as the Manawatu River flows through the Manawatu Gorge which is identified as occurring in the vicinity of White Horse Rapids. This water loss is attributed to groundwater river recharge of shallow aquifers. Groundwater accounts for nearly 90% of total water use within this area and the estimated water extraction from the aquifer system is 120,000 m3/day (43 × 106 m3/year.) The hydrochemistry of the area is presented by way of isoconcentration contour maps. Total alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, chloride, electrical conductivity, potassium, manganese, sodium, and total dissolved solids increase from east to west within the research area. Free carbon dioxide, fluorine, and iron show no trend but have local "highs". Only sulphate shows an increase from west to east. The average concentrations for the various chemical parameters are: total alkalinity - 157 ppm, Ca - 104 ppm, Cl - 36 ppm, free CO2 - 11 ppm, conductivity - 43 mS/m, F - 0.16 ppm, Fe-2.1 ppm, Fe-2.1 ppm, Mg - 55 ppm, Mn - 0.38 ppm, nitrate - 0.02 ppm, Na - 23 ppm, SO42- - 10 ppm, and total dissolved solids - 256 ppm. Concentrations increase with depth for all the chemical parameters. Conductivity diagrams are presented which show extremely good linear relationships when plotted against all the major cations and anions. These diagrams have practical significance because conductivity is easy to measure in the field

What's on your mind? Recent advances in memory detection using the concealed information test

Lie detectors can be applied in a wide variety of settings. But this advantage comes with a considerable cost: False positives. The applicability of the Concealed Information Test (CIT) is More limited, yet when it can be applied, the risk of false accusations can be set a priori at a very low level. The CIT assesses the recognition of; critical information that is known only by the examiners and the culprit, for example, the face a an accomplice. Large effects are Obtained with the CIT, whether combined with peripheral, brain, or Motor responses. We see three important challenges for the CIT. First, the false negative rate Of the CIT can be substantial, particularly under :realistic circumstantes. A possible solution Seems to restrict the CIT to highly Salient details. Second, there exist effective faking strategies. Future research will tell whether faking can be detected or even prevented (e.g., Using Overt measures). Third, recognition of critical crime detail's does not necessarily result from criminal activity. It is therefore important to properly embed the CIT in the investigative process, While taking care when drawing conclusions from the test outcome (recognition, not guilt)

A revealed preference analysis of the rational addiction model.

We provide a revealed preference analysis of the rational addiction model. The revealed preference approach avoids the need to impose an, a priori unverifiable, functional form on the underlying utility function. Our results extend the previously established revealed preference characterizations for the life cycle model and the one-lag habits model. We show that our characterization is easily testable by means of linear programming methods and we demonstrate its practical usefulness by means of an application to Spanish household consumption data.

A revealed preference analysis of the rational addiction model

We provide a revealed preference analysis of the rational addiction model. The revealed preference approach avoids the need to impose an, a priori unverifiable, functional form on the underlying utility function. Our results extend the previously established revealed preference characterizations for the life cycle model and the one-lag habits model. We show that our characterization is easily testable by means of linear programming methods and we demonstrate its practical usefulness by means of an application to Spanish household consumption data.

Health Care for Undocumented Migrants: European Approaches

European countries have smaller shares of undocumented migrants than does the United States, but these individuals have substantial needs for medical care and present difficult policy challenges even in countries with universal health insurance systems. Recent European studies show that policies in most countries provide for no more than emergency services for undocumented migrants. Smaller numbers of countries provide more services or allow undocumented migrants who meet certain requirements access to the same range of services as nationals. These experiences show it is possible to improve access to care for undocumented migrants. Strategies vary along three dimensions: 1) focusing on segments of the population, like children or pregnant women; 2) focusing on types of services, like preventive services or treatment of infectious diseases; or 3) using specific funding policies, like allowing undocumented migrants to purchase insurance

Image blur estimation based on the average cone of ratio in the wavelet domain

In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for objective blur estimation using wavelet decomposition. The central idea of our method is to estimate blur as a function of the center of gravity of the average cone ratio (ACR) histogram. The key properties of ACR are twofold: it is powerful in estimating local edge regularity, and it is nearly insensitive to noise. We use these properties to estimate the blurriness of the image, irrespective of the level of noise. In particular, the center of gravity of the ACR histogram is a blur metric. The method is applicable both in case where the reference image is available and when there is no reference. The results demonstrate a consistent performance of the proposed metric for a wide class of natural images and in a wide range of out of focus blurriness. Moreover, the proposed method shows a remarkable insensitivity to noise compared to other wavelet domain methods