A nuclear role for the respiratory enzyme CLK-1 in regulating mitochondrial stress responses and longevity

The coordinated regulation of mitochondrial and nuclear activities is essential for cellular respiration and its disruption leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, a hallmark of ageing. Mitochondria communicate with nuclei through retrograde signalling pathways that modulate nuclear gene expression to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis. The monooxygenase CLK-1 (human homologue COQ7) was previously reported to be mitochondrial, with a role in respiration and longevity. We have uncovered a distinct nuclear form of CLK-1 that independently regulates lifespan. Nuclear CLK-1 mediates a retrograde signalling pathway that is conserved from Caenorhabditis elegans to humans and is responsive to mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, thus acting as a barometer of oxidative metabolism. We show that, through modulation of gene expression, the pathway regulates both mitochondrial reactive oxygen species metabolism and the mitochondrial unfolded protein response. Our results demonstrate that a respiratory enzyme acts in the nucleus to control mitochondrial stress responses and longevity

Envoyes, Brokers and Pirates: Chinese Maritime Merchants Revisited

The ability for manufacturers to implement economic techniques for process control and quality assurance can significantly contribute to their competitiveness in the world market. Consequently, many manufacturers would like to determine the quality of their products by conducting the appropriate quantitative tests at suitable stages during production. In addition, an in-line capability for real-time intelligent process-control is desirable. Many of the weld joints produced today are inspected off-line using destructive sectioning and visual examination. Due to the limited number of parts available for this type of testing, the process control is statistical in nature and 100% certification is impossible. Furthermore, visual inspection cannot directly or accurately measure many important material parameters of the weld and the parent material. A better solution to the problem would be a real-time, nondestructive, noncontact technique for weld joint inspection and feedback control of the welder