Philonthus debilis Gravenhorst

<i>Philonthus debilis</i> (Gravenhorst) <p>((Figs 13–15, 33–35, 49–49B, 56, 60, 68–70)</p> <p> Body length: 3.20–3.30 mm; body width: 1.35–1.38 mm; head width: 0.66–0.77 mm; pronotum width: 0.90–0.98 mm; 1.1 x as broad as long; body rather slender and relatively weakly sclerotized. Head almost as long as wide (Figs 13, 14). Antennae reaching to middle of elytra length as in <i>B. fimetarius</i> (Figs 2, 14). Margin of pronotum with 8 or 10 projections (5/5, 4/4, projections on sides in individuals). Wings slightly protruding on the posterior margin of 1st (morphologically 3rd) clearly visible, abdominal segment (Figs 13, 14). Each fore, middle, and hind tibiae with 4–5, 9, and 4 protuberances respectively. Tarsi of hind legs reaching or protruding the middle of 4th (morphologically 6th) clearly visible abdominal segment length (Figs 13, 14). Abdominal segments II–IV almost equal in width, then narrowed to the terminal segment of the body (Fig. 15). Abdominal segments III–VIII each with a pair of setiform projections (6 pairs in total) on sides (Figs 13–15). Segments III–VII 1.2–1.4 x as long as projections (Figs 13–15); projections of segment VIII usually curved, at least as long as segment (Figs 33, 34). All abdominal projections on sides bearing sparse cuticular processes (Fig. 35). Abdominal segments with microstructure as in Fig. 34 A. Female pupa with two well-developed ventral, elongated, straight prolongations (Fig. 49); ventral and terminal prolongation with tiny cuticular processes (Figs 49A, 49B). The first pair of functional spiracles distinctly narrowed apically (Figs 56, 60) with reticulate microstructure; atrophied spiracles as in Figs 68–70.</p>Published as part of <i>Pietrykowska-Tudruj, Ewa & Staniec, Bernard, 2011, The morphology of the pupae of six species of Philonthina (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Staphylinini) with taxonomic remarks, pp. 53-67 in Zootaxa 2865</i> on page 60, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/202575">10.5281/zenodo.202575</a&gt

Philonthus decorus Gravenhorst

<i>Philonthus decorus</i> (Gravenhorst) <p>(Figs 16–18, 36–40, 50–51, 57, 67)</p> <p>Body length: 6.60–8.00 mm (mean 7.40 mm), female 6.60–7.98 mm (mean 7.50 mm), male 6.90–7.40 mm (mean 7.20 mm); body width: 3.25–3.74 mm (mean 3.4 mm); female 3.25–3.74 mm (mean 3.4 mm); male 3.25–3.36 mm (mean 3.31 mm); head width: 1.77–1.95 mm (mean 1.85 mm), female 1.80–1.95 mm (mean 1.89 mm), female 1.77–1.89 mm (mean 1.82 mm); pronotum width: 2.08–2.21 mm (mean 2.14 mm), female 2.13–2.5 mm (mean 2.32 mm), male 2.08–2.21 mm (male 2.20 mm), about as broad as long; body stocky and strongly sclerotized. Head 1.1 x as long as wide (Figs 16, 17). Antennae distinctly protruding beyond middle of elytra (Fig. 17). Anterior margin of pronotum with 15–23 projections (females–9/8, 9/7, 10/9, 12/11, 9/9, 9/10, 9/9, 10/10, 9/10, 10/10, male–8/ 8, 10/9, 10/8, 11/9, 8/7, 9/10 projections on sides in individuals). Wings reaching the posterior margin of 1st (morphologically 3rd) clearly visible abdominal segment (Figs 16, 17). Each fore, middle, and hind tibiae with 5, 9, and 5 protuberances respectively. Tarsi of hind legs reaching to, or slightly protruding beyond, posterior margin of 4th (morphologically 6th) clearly visible, abdominal segment (Figs 16, 17). Abdominal segments II and III almost equal in width, then abdomen gradually narrowed to the terminal segment of the body (Fig. 18). Abdominal segments III–VIII each with a pair of setiform projections (6 pairs in total) on sides (Figs 16–18). Segments III–VI with short, straight projection, segments more than 4 (4.1–4.3) x longer than projections (Fig. 37); segment VII with long, slightly curved projections, segment about 1.3 x as long as projections (Fig. 36); segment VIII with longest, moderately curved projections, almost as long as segment (Fig. 39). All abdominal projections on sides bearing cuticular processes (Figs 38, 40). Abdominal segments with microstructure as in Fig. 39 A. Female pupa with two ventral prolongations (Fig. 50); each prolongation with tiny denticle inside near apex (Fig. 50A); terminal prolongation with tiny numerous cuticular processes in apical region (Fig. 50B). The first pair of functional spiracles relatively small, similar to second, moderately elongated, without microstructure (Figs 17, 18, 57); atrophied spiracles as in Fig. 67.</p> <p> <b>FIGURES 41–51.</b> Pupa of <i>Bisnius fimentarius</i> (41, 41A, B, 42), <i>Gabrius osseticus</i> (43, 43A, B, 44, 44A), <i>Philonthus atratus</i> (45, 45A, 46), <i>P</i>. <i>carbonarius</i> (47, 47A, 48, 48A), <i>P</i>. <i>debilis</i> (49, 49A, B) and <i>P. decorus</i> (50, 50A, B, 51). (41, 43, 44, 45, 47, 49, 50) Terminal sternite of female pupa; (42, 46, 48, 51) gonotheca or entire terminal sternite (48) of male pupa; (41A, 43A, 44A, 45A, 47A, 48A, 50A) ventral prolongations; (41B, 43B, 48A, 49B, 50B) terminal prolongation.</p>Published as part of <i>Pietrykowska-Tudruj, Ewa & Staniec, Bernard, 2011, The morphology of the pupae of six species of Philonthina (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Staphylinini) with taxonomic remarks, pp. 53-67 in Zootaxa 2865</i> on pages 60-63, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/202575">10.5281/zenodo.202575</a&gt

Gabrius osseticus Kolenati

<i>Gabrius osseticus</i> (Kolenati) <p>(Figs 4–6, 19–20, 43–44A, 53, 58, 63, 64)</p> <p> Body length: 3.70–4.0 mm (mean 3.90 mm); body width: 1.40–1.80 mm (mean 1.60 mm); head width: 0.7–0.8 mm (mean 0.8 mm); pronotum width: 1.3–1.6 mm (mean 1.5 mm), about as broad as long; body stocky, moderately and weakly sclerotized. Antennae not extending to middle of elytra length (Fig. 5). Anterior margin of pronotum with 10–12 projections (5/5, 5/5, 5/6, 6/6, 6/6 projections on sides in individuals). Wings protruding on the posterior margin of 1st (morphologically 3rd) clearly visible, abdominal segment as in <i>P. atratus</i> and <i>P. carbonarius</i> (Figs 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11). Each fore, middle and hind tibiae with 5, 9, and 4 protuberances respectively. Tarsi of hind legs almost reaching to half of the length of 4th (morphologically 6th) clearly visible abdominal segment (Figs 4, 5). Abdomen moderately and gradually widened from segment II to IV and narrowed to the terminal segment of the body (Fig. 6). Abdominal tergites with microstructure (Fig. 19 A). Abdominal segments VII and VIII each bearing a pair of setiform projections on sides (Figs 4–6). Abdominal segments VII about 1.3 x longer than projections (Fig. 19); abdominal segments VIII almost as long as projections (Fig. 20). Terminal sternite of female pupae with two well developed ventral, elongated, and slightly curved inside prolongations (Figs 43, 43A) or short denticles (Figs 44, 44A). Male pupa with sternite IX very similar in structure to <i>B. fimetarius</i> <b>(</b> Fig. 42); ventral and terminal prolongation with sharp cuticular processes apically (Figs 43A, 43B). The first pair of functional spiracles transverse, distinctly wider than long (Figs 53, 58); atrophied spiracles as in Figs 63, 64.</p>Published as part of <i>Pietrykowska-Tudruj, Ewa & Staniec, Bernard, 2011, The morphology of the pupae of six species of Philonthina (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Staphylinini) with taxonomic remarks, pp. 53-67 in Zootaxa 2865</i> on page 56, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/202575">10.5281/zenodo.202575</a&gt

Platydracus

Platydracus Generic diagnosis of mature larvae. The diagnostic characters of the genus Platydracus were determined based on morphological data extracted from the following respective descriptions: P. tomentosus (Schmidt 1994), P. maculosus —limited data (Grebennikov & Newton 2009), P. stercorarius —very limited data (Kasule 1970), P. zonatus —very limited data (Newton 1990). The combination of characters that allow for distinguishing the known mature larvae of Platydracus from closely related genera within tribe Staphylinini are following: frayed setae on abdomen present; nasale with nine teeth; apotome with stalk and 3 or 4 pairs of setae; mandible with two setae; maxillary and labial palp three- and two-segmented, respectively; antenna with acorn-shaped sensory appendage; stipes of maxilla with hair-like cuticular processes; mala finger-shaped more than 2.5 times as long as wide, with two setae; sides of hypopharynx sclerotized; foretibia without comb or bifid setae; tarsungulus bisetose; cervicosternum triangular divided at least partially; paratergites and parasternites on I abdominal segment not fused; urogomphi longer than pygopod. Description of mature larva (L 3 ) of P. latebricola (adult habitus and aedeagus as in Figs 61, 63, 64; larval habitus as in Figs 1–3) Body length: 16.3 – 20.0 mm (mean 17.8 mm); head width (HW 1): 1.9 – 2.0 mm (mean 1.96 mm), head width (HW 2): 2.1 mm; head length: 1.9 – 2.1 mm (mean 1.99 mm); pronotum width: 1.9 – 2.0 mm (mean 1.98 mm). Colour: head dark brown, mandibles almost black, antennae, maxillae, labium and legs amber colored, pronotum dark brown, meso- and metanotum brown with darker anterior line, abdominal tergite I light brown, remaining tergites and sternites almost colorless, body and urogomphi dirty white. Macro and micro setae of head, thorax, some setae on abdominal segments simple (Figs 7, 10); some setae on abdominal segments and on urogomphi rod-shaped and frayed apically (Figs 8, 9, 11). Body elongated, cylindrical first abdominal segments narrower than second one, segments II – V more or less equal length then gradually narrowed to the terminal segment of the body (Figs 1 – 3). Head (Figs 12 – 13; 16, 19, 21, 23 – 25, 28, 29, 32 – 34, 38, 40): 1.1 times as wide as long, margins rounded moderately, widest about in the half length of the head; dorsal ecdysial lines bifurcate before half length of the head (Fig. 12). Epicranial part (E) with 6 macro setae located symmetrically and about 100 short setae located asymmetrically in relation to epicranial suture; posterior part (P) with six micro setae and two pores (Fig. 12). Each side of head with four stemmata in a cluster, three stemmata almost of equal size, the upper one slightly bigger than others (Fig. 13). Nasale (Na) with 12 macro setae located anteriorly and symmetrically, 23–24 micro setae located asymmetrically and a pair of glandular pits laterally (Gp); anterior margin of nasale with 9 teeth divided on to 3 indistinct clusters (one middle and two lateral), each cluster with 3 teeth, paramedian teeth (Pmt) equal in length with median tooth (Mt) (Fig. 16); within lateral teeth (Lt 1 – 3) Lt 1 biggest, remaining (Lt 2, Lt 3) equal in length. Ventral side of head with 54 – 60 micro setae located asymmetrically in relation to ventral suture (Fig. 19). Apotome (Ap) (Figs 19, 21) in broad outline triangular, behind a pair of tentorial pits forming stalk, distinctly extending beyond tentorial pits (Tp); with 8 setae, two pores and a pair of glandular pits (Gp). Reticulate miscrosculpture of head surface as in Fig. 12 A. Antenna (Figs 23 – 25) 4 -segmented, length ratio of segments I – IV 1.0: 2.4: 3.2: 1.6, respectively; segment I 1.5 as wide at the base as long; segment II 2.2 times as long as wide, with two pores (one dorsally, and one ventroapically); segment III 3.0 times as long as wide in the widest place, with three macro setae laterally, three sensory appendages (Sa) (one biggest acorn-shaped and two tiny) and one pore ventro-laterally (Figs 23, 24); segment IV about 2.8 times as long as wide, about 3.6 times as long as acorn-shaped sensory appendage of segment III, with 3 setae and 4 solenidia (So) apically (Fig. 23). Epipharynx (Fig. 28) with transverse row of 55 – 60 long cuticular processes. Mandible (Fig. 29) rather broad and short relatively, with 2 setae (upper one smaller than lower one) at the outer margin, 2 pores dorsally, long furrow along inner margin (shape-cracked) and 2 transverse, short sutures convergent to furrow in about half of length; inner margin with simple obtuse low tooth in about half of length (Fig. 29 A). Maxilla (Figs 32 – 34): length ratio of cardo (Cd) and stipes (Stp) 1: 1.8; cardo 1.3 times as long as wide bearing 1 seta ventro-laterally; stipes rectangular 3.7 times as long as wide with 8 setae (3 near outer margin, 3 near inner margin, and 2 near mala), 2 pores (1 ventro-apically, 1 ventrally) and regions of hair-like cuticular processes latero-basally (Figs 34, 34A). Mala (Ma) (Fig. 32) finger-shaped, slightly narrowed apically, with 2 setae (1 on inner margin, 1 ventrally), 3 sensory appendage apically (differ of length), and 2 pores ventro-basally; length ratio of mala and segment I of maxillary palp: 1.1: 1. Palpifer (Pf) (Fig. 32) with 1 pore and 1 seta ventrally. Maxillary palp (Pm) 3 -segmented; length ratio of segments I–III: 1: 1.8: 1.3, respectively; segment I 1.6 times as long as wide, slightly and gradually winded to its apical, with 2 pores ventrally; segment II 2.7 times as long as wide, distinctly winded to its apical, with 2 setae near apical (1 at the outer, 1 at the inner margin) 1 pore near apical; segment III distinctly narrower than others, 3.8 times as long as wide, with 1 digitiform sensory appendage basally on outer margin, 2 pores near apex and a few micro sensory appendages apically, length ratio segment and digitiform sensory appendage: 3.8: 1 (Fig. 33). Hypopharynx: majority of dorsal side of labium membranous and thickly pubescent, sides sclerotized with a pair of pores (Fig. 38). Prementum (Fig. 40) consists of two parts: anterior–triangular, membranous with ligula (Lg) and a pair of labial palps, and posterior–almost square, sclerotized, with 4 long setae (2 anteriorly, 2 medially); ligula button-like, with a few pores and 2 setae, separated from prementum by sclerotized stripe. Labial palp (Lp) 2 -segmented (Fig. 40); length ratio of segments I – II 1.7: 1, respectively; segment I widened about in half of length, 1.6 x as long as wide at the widest place, with 1 pore near inner margin; segment II distinctly narrower than the first one, gradually narrowed to the apical, 2.2 as long as wide in the widest place, with one pore near apical and a few micro sensory appendages apically (Fig. 41). Thorax (Figs 43, 45, 47). Foreleg (Fig. 43): trochanter (Tr) with 17 setae (2 thick, spine-shaped near ventral margin) and a few pores located along of transversal line in half of its length; femur (Fe) stocky widened in the apical part with 62 setae (18 thick, spine-shaped) and 3 pores; tibia (Tb) short relatively with 40 setae (7 thick, spine-shaped in its apical part) (Figs 43, 43 A); tarsungulus (Tu) short relatively, with 2 small setae (Fig. 43 B); length ratio of protrochanter, profemur, protibia and protarsungulus 3.1: 4.7: 2.8: 1, respectively. Pro-, meso-, and metanotum with mid-longitudinal ecdysial line; each thoracic tergites with a pair of sensilla anteriorly (S), the first par bigger than others; chaetotaxy of pro- and mesonotum as in Fig. 45; chaetotaxy of meso- and metanotum identical. Cervicosternum (Cr) triangular, divided completly by ecdysial longitudinal line with 6 setae and 2 pores (Fig. 47). Prosternal area (Sn) with 2 small sternites, each with one seta; membranous surface with 10 setae: 6 anteriorly between Cr and Sn, 2 between sternites and 2 between coxal cavites (Cc). The area between pro- and mesothorax with a pair of functional spiracles (Fig. 47 A). Abdomen (Figs 49 – 52, 54, 55): segments I–VIII each with tergite (Te) and sternite (St) divided into two parts by membranous area, a pair of paratergites (Pt) and a pair of parasternites (Ps) laterally (Figs 49 – 51); partaergites of segment II – VIII divided into two parts: greater anterior and tiny posterior (Fig. 51). Segment I: tergite with 34 setae (16 / 18) and a pair of sensilla (S) antero-lateraly (Figs 49, 51, 51 C); sternite I with 20 (10 / 10) setae (6 micro) (Fig. 50); each paratergite and parasternite of segment I with 5 setae and 3 setae, respectively (Fig. 51). Segments II–VIII (Figs 49, 50, 51): tergites with 45 (24 / 21) setae and a pair of sensilla (S) antero-lateraly (Figs 49, 51 B); sternites with 32 (16 / 16) setae (10 micro) (Figs 50, 51). Tergite and sternite of segment IX with 24 setae, macro setae mostly rod-shaped and frayed and 26 setae (some long setae rod-shaped and frayed), respectively (Figs 52, 52 A, 54, 52). Segment IX with a pair of urogomphi, each one with two clearly visible segments (Fig. 52): segment I slightly arched to inner side with 17 setae; segment II slightly arched to outer side with 3 setae (two micro, one long apically); tiny ring, which could be recognized as third segment between segment I and II (Fig. 52); length ratio of segments I (with tiny ring), II of urogomphus and apical seta 2.7: 1: 1.5, respectively. Dorsal and ventral side of pygopod (segment X) with about 20 and about 35 setae, respectively (Figs 52, 54, 55). Microstructure of urogomphi as in Fig. 52 C. Urogomphi (without seta apically) distinctly longer than pygopod; length ratio of segment I with tiny ring, II of urogomphi and pygopod 2.7: 1: 2.9. Microstructure of segments X as in Fig. 52 B. Abdominal segments I–VIII, each with a pair of spiracles (Sp) located between tergites and paratergites (Figs 51 A, D). Larval comparison between Platydracus species. The larval morphology of P. latebricola is presented for the first time. These new morphological data permit conducting intrageneric comparison. Mature larvae of P. latebricola (P.l) are very similar to the other known larvae of the genus — P. tomentosus (P.t) (Schmidt 1994). The former species, a xerophile, occurs in Europe and Russi. The latter one, a ripicole, is known from the eastern North America (Koch 1989; Brunke et al. 2011). Apart from the distribution, also larval characters (marked on figures by arrow: 1 – 3, 12, 19, 34, 38, 40, 47, 52) allow for distinguishing these species quite easily: 1) abdominal tergites and sternites: light, almost corouless – P.l; dark, brownish-grey – P.t; 2) micro setae on epicranial part of the head: numerous (about 100) – P.l, few (about 20) – P.t; 3) sides margins of the head: moderately rounded – P.l, parallel – P.t; 4) number of setae on apotome: 8 – P.l, 6 – P.t; 5) ligula: wide and short – P.l, narrow and longer – P.t; 6) segment I of urogomphi: as long as pygopod – P.l, twice longer to pygopod – P.t; 7) cervicosternum divided: completely – P.l, partially – P.t; 8) apical segments of maxillary and labial palp with 2 and 1, respectively: pores – P.l, tiny seta – P.t.Published as part of Pietrykowska-Tudruj, Ewa & Staniec, Bernard, 2012, Comparative larval morphology of Platydracus and Staphylinus (Staphylinidae: Staphylinini: Staphylinina) with notes on their biology and redescription of the pupa of Staphylinus, pp. 24-42 in Zootaxa 3580 on pages 26-28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.28304

Pupae of the mega-diverse rove beetle tribe Staphylinini (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae): their traits and systematic significance

This paper is the first comprehensive work on the pupae of Staphylinidae. It is the first-ever attempt to employ the morphological characters of these pupae in phylogenetic analysis. The study shows that the external structures of Staphylinini pupae could be a useful, alternative source for assessing the relationships of certain taxa within a tribe. The paper also includes an illustrated key to the identification of pupae at the subtribe and generic levels (Abemus, Acylophorus, Astrapaeus, Atanygnathus, Bisnius, Creophilus, Emus, Erichsonius, Gabrius, Hesperus, Heterothops, Neobisnius, Ocypus, Ontholestes, Philonthus, Quedius, Quedionuchus, Rabigus, Staphylinus, and Tasgius) of the tribe Staphylinini, found in Europe. Based on current knowledge of the morphology of pupal stages of Staphylinini species, eight morphological pupal types are presented: Acylophorus, Astrapaeus, Atanygnathus, Erichsonius, Heterothops, Philonthus, Quedius and Staphylinus. The paper also comments on pupal habitat, phenology and morphology in the context of antipredator and environmental adaptations