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Factors Associated with Revision Surgery after Internal Fixation of Hip Fractures

Background: Femoral neck fractures are associated with high rates of revision surgery after management with internal fixation. Using data from the Fixation using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip fractures (FAITH) trial evaluating methods of internal fixation in patients with femoral neck fractures, we investigated associations between baseline and surgical factors and the need for revision surgery to promote healing, relieve pain, treat infection or improve function over 24 months postsurgery. Additionally, we investigated factors associated with (1) hardware removal and (2) implant exchange from cancellous screws (CS) or sliding hip screw (SHS) to total hip arthroplasty, hemiarthroplasty, or another internal fixation device. Methods: We identified 15 potential factors a priori that may be associated with revision surgery, 7 with hardware removal, and 14 with implant exchange. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards analyses in our investigation. Results: Factors associated with increased risk of revision surgery included: female sex, [hazard ratio (HR) 1.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25-2.50; P = 0.001], higher body mass index (fo

Design of Multi-Tasking Coprocessor Control for Eclipse

Eclipse defines a heterogeneous multiprocessor architecture template for dam-dependent stream processing. Intended as a scalable and flexible subsystem of forthcoming media-processing systemson -a-chip, Eclipse combines application configuration flexibility with the efficiency of function-specific hardware, or coprocessors. To facilitate reuse, Eclipse separates coprocessor functionality from generic support that addresses multi-tasking, inter-task synchranizatian, and data transport. Five interface primitives accomplish this separation. The interface facilitates the design of coprocessors that require complex control to handle data-dependent I/O, saving/restoring task state upon task switches, and pipelined processing. This paper presents how this interface enables the design of such reusable yet cost-effective coprocessors

Eclipse Processor Scheduling

Abstract—Eclipse is an architectural framework for on-chip CPU and coprocessor communication, combining application configuration flexibility with the efficiency of functionspecific hardware. A Kahn process network application model is supported by a generic communication infrastructure and function-specific processors with multi-tasking capabilities. High data bandwidth and limited stream buffer memory lead to high buffer synchronization rates and high task switch rates. These are supported by shells dedicated to each processor. The shells each implement a task scheduler for a dynamic workload environment with guarantees for minimum resource budgets, and achieve effective run-time task selection in a few clock cycles. The resulting implementation with distributed shells provides good scalability. Index Terms—Dataflow, synchronization, multi-tasking, non-preemptive scheduling, justice. I

Eclipse: heterogeneous multiprocessor architecture for flexible media processing

Eclipse is a heterogeneous multiprocessor architecture for high-performance media processing, including highdefinition MPEG encoding/decoding. The scalable architecture framework concurrently executes media processing kernels in function-specific multi-tasking coprocessors and a media processor, communicating via on-chip memory. Eclipse instances combine application configuration flexibility with the efficiency of function-specific hardware. 1

Clusters of activated microglia in normal-appearing white matter show signs of innate immune activation

Abstract Background In brain tissues from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, clusters of activated HLA-DR-expressing microglia, also referred to as preactive lesions, are located throughout the normal-appearing white matter. The aim of this study was to gain more insight into the frequency, distribution and cellular architecture of preactive lesions using a large cohort of well-characterized MS brain samples. Methods Here, we document the frequency of preactive lesions and their association with distinct white matter lesions in a cohort of 21 MS patients. Immunohistochemistry was used to gain further insight into the cellular and molecular composition of preactive lesions. Results Preactive lesions were observed in a majority of MS patients (67%) irrespective of disease duration, gender or subtype of disease. Microglial clusters were predominantly observed in the vicinity of active demyelinating lesions and are not associated with T cell infiltrates, axonal alterations, activated astrocytes or blood–brain barrier disruption. Microglia in preactive lesions consistently express interleukin-10 and TNF-α, but not interleukin-4, whereas matrix metalloproteases-2 and −9 are virtually absent in microglial nodules. Interestingly, key subunits of the free-radical-generating enzyme NADPH oxidase-2 were abundantly expressed in microglial clusters. Conclusions The high frequency of preactive lesions suggests that it is unlikely that most of them will progress into full-blown demyelinating lesions. Preactive lesions are not associated with blood–brain barrier disruption, suggesting that an intrinsic trigger of innate immune activation, rather than extrinsic factors crossing a damaged blood–brain barrier, induces the formation of clusters of activated microglia.</p