Satellite remote sensing of surface winds, waves, and currents: Where are we now?

This review paper reports on the state-of-the-art concerning observations of surface winds, waves, and currents from space and their use for scientific research and subsequent applications. The development of observations of sea state parameters from space dates back to the 1970s, with a significant increase in the number and diversity of space missions since the 1990s. Sensors used to monitor the sea-state parameters from space are mainly based on microwave techniques. They are either specifically designed to monitor surface parameters or are used for their abilities to provide opportunistic measurements complementary to their primary purpose. The principles on which is based on the estimation of the sea surface parameters are first described, including the performance and limitations of each method. Numerous examples and references on the use of these observations for scientific and operational applications are then given. The richness and diversity of these applications are linked to the importance of knowledge of the sea state in many fields. Firstly, surface wind, waves, and currents are significant factors influencing exchanges at the air/sea interface, impacting oceanic and atmospheric boundary layers, contributing to sea level rise at the coasts, and interacting with the sea-ice formation or destruction in the polar zones. Secondly, ocean surface currents combined with wind- and wave- induced drift contribute to the transport of heat, salt, and pollutants. Waves and surface currents also impact sediment transport and erosion in coastal areas. For operational applications, observations of surface parameters are necessary on the one hand to constrain the numerical solutions of predictive models (numerical wave, oceanic, or atmospheric models), and on the other hand to validate their results. In turn, these predictive models are used to guarantee safe, efficient, and successful offshore operations, including the commercial shipping and energy sector, as well as tourism and coastal activities. Long-time series of global sea-state observations are also becoming increasingly important to analyze the impact of climate change on our environment. All these aspects are recalled in the article, relating to both historical and contemporary activities in these fields

Un portrait du IIe siècle ap. J.-C. redécouvert à Neffiès (Hérault)

sp. 156-158info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Influence of the soil management on the chlorophyll and nitrogen status of pinot blanc

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Molecular identification of <em>Botrytis cinerea</em>, <em>Penicillium</em> spp. and <em>Cladosporium</em> spp. in Luxembourg

Aim: Grapes are submitted to several fungal attacks, which can impair quantity and quality of the resulting wine. The aim of this paper is to describe sets of primers that are able to easily characterise the strains isolated on the grapes by DNA sequencing. Methods and results: Four sets of primers targeting the beta-tubulin and Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) regions were used. Samples were isolated from grey or green moulds on mature berries during 5 years in vineyards located in the Moselle Valley of Luxembourg. Identifications were performed by comparing the obtained sequences with referenced sequences using several databases. The isolates obtained from the grey mould were identified as Botrytis cinerea, Mucor fragilis and Chaetomium globosum, whereas on green mould, Penicillium expansum, Penicillium minioluteum, Davidiella tassiana and Cladosporium cladosporioides were recovered. Identification may be impossible for two reasons : samples may not display a sequence of sufficient quality, which can tentatively be solved by cloning the PCR amplicon, or databases may not be exhaustive enough to unambiguously determine the species. We therefore suggest primer sets for each species according to these limiting factors. Conclusion: The performances of the primers were species-dependent. Even though the ITS region is more highly represented in the databases than the beta-tubulin region, technical results were better for beta-tubulin sequences. Significance and impact of the study: This work provides a basic methodology for the molecular characterisation of the fungal flora encountered on grapes

Molecular identification of Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium spp. and Cladosporium spp. in Luxembourg

Aim: Grapes are submitted to several fungal attacks, which can impair quantity and quality of the resulting wine. The aim of this paper is to describe sets of primers that are able to easily characterise the strains isolated on the grapes by DNA sequencing.Methods and results: Four sets of primers targeting the beta-tubulin and Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) regions were used. Samples were isolated from grey or green moulds on mature berries during 5 years in vineyards located in the Moselle Valley of Luxembourg. Identifications were performed by comparing the obtained sequences with referenced sequences using several databases. The isolates obtained from the grey mould were identified as Botrytis cinerea, Mucor fragilis and Chaetomium globosum, whereas on green mould, Penicillium expansum, Penicillium minioluteum, Davidiella tassiana and Cladosporium cladosporioides were recovered. Identification may be impossible for two reasons :samples may not display a sequence of sufficient quality, which can tentatively be solved by cloning the PCR amplicon, or databases may not be exhaustive enough to unambiguously determine the species. We therefore suggest primer sets for each species according to these limiting factors.Conclusion: The performances of the primers were species-dependent. Even though the ITS region is more highly represented in the databases than the beta-tubulin region, technical results were better for beta-tubulin sequences.Significance and impact of the study: This work provides a basic methodology for the molecular characterisation of the fungal flora encountered on grapes.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Impact of Grape Cluster Division on Cluster Morphology and Bunch Rot Epidemic

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Differential gene expression in two potato lines differing in their resistance to Phytophthora infestans

Horizontal resistance to late blight in the potato is a primary objective of many breeding programs. Knowledge of the physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying it, however, is scarce. The purpose of the present study was the identification of these physiological and biochemical factors in plant material obtained by crossing a late blight resistant Solanum phureja clone with a susceptible dihaploid of S. tuberosum subsp. tuberosum. The mRNA RT-PCR differential display method was used to compare the gene expression patterns of a resistant hybrid with that of a susceptible one. By sequence homology, we identified several genes with diverse functions, including genes known to be involved in resistance or stress responses and genes known to be involved in primary or secondary metabolism