A Postcolonial Approach

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 사범대학 협동과정 글로벌교육협력전공, 2021.8. YOO Sung Sang.Despite being a long-standing, prominent and controversial aid, international scholarship remains as an understudied subject of inquiry within the international development field. Research on the topic is still in a state of academic infancy and merely gaining increasing attention as it rose to become a global target SDG4b in 2015. With this background, the study aims to problematize the research field: uncover the overlooked politics of knowledge concerning its research scholarship and seek to rethink it. Using Postcolonial Theory as critical lens, this study explores how colonial legacies limit the way researchers conceptualize and research international scholarships over the years. To uncover forms of domination, marginalization and resistance within the research field, 167 grey literature, 72 peer-reviewed academic journals and 7 books on the topic of international scholarships from 2000-2020 were examined using Postcolonial Critical Discourse Analysis as methodology. Concepts of Connell’s Northern/Southern Theory, Alatas’ Academic Dependency and Captive Mind, De Sousa Santos’ epistemologies of the North/South were used for analysis. Findings suggest that there is colonial gaze within the research field: dominated by Northern experts as researchers with limited research agendas, theories and approaches under Northern epistemologies. And while there are emerging researches that serve as forms of resistance, these initiatives still remain under Northern epistemologies and missing alternative ways of knowing. These findings imply that without addressing the monological research paradigm, international scholarship research remains parochial, marginalizing Southern epistemologies, perspectives and voices. As a response, the study calls not only to resist status quo by diversifying research agendas or voices, but disrupting colonial research paradigm that is largely unchallenged in the field and to welcome ecologies of knowledges. Aligned with this insight, this dissertation also includes my critical reflexivity as an international scholarship researcher. This reflexivity serves as a meta-critique and contemplation concerning the research process: confronting the colonial nature of my research and re-imagining international scholarship research under alternative paradigm. As recommendation, four international scholarship researches under epistemologies of the South are enumerated at the end of the study for researchers to consider in order to rethink international scholarship research using alternative ways of knowing/being. This dissertation proposes that the entire international scholarship community must sincerely take steps in rethinking the research field beyond colonial paradigm and start re-imagining international scholarship for future possibilities, together.오랫동안 주요한 논란이 되고 있는 원조이지만, 국제 장학금은 지금도 국제개발 분야에서 연구가 적게 된 주제이다. 이 주제에 대한 연구는 여전히 학술적 초기 단계에 머물러 있으며 2015 년 유엔의 지속가능한 개발목표 (SDG4b) 로 지정되면서 겨우 관심을 얻기 시작했다. 이러한 배경에서, 본 연구는 기존 연구분야를 문제화하여 그동안 간과되어온 지식의 정치적 측면을 발견하고자 한다. 탈식민주의론을 비평적 렌즈로 활용하여 본 연구는 국제 장학금의 식민지 유산이 그동안 어떻게 국제 장학금을 개념화하고 연구하는 방식을 제한해 왔는지 살펴본다. 본 연구에서는 비평적 담론 분석에 대한 탈식민주의적 접근법을 방법론으로 하여, 2000 년부터 2020 년까지 국제 장학금 주제에 대한 167 건의 회색문헌, 72 건의 동료심사를 받은 학술지, 그리고 7 권의 단행본을 검토했다. 연구결과, 기존의 연구문헌들은 북부 중심의 헤게모니를 반영하고 있으며 해당 연구 분야의 연구 의제, 이론, 대표성은 제한적임을 보여준다. 또한 저항이 있긴 하지만 여전히 이러한 연구가 주도적 위치를 차지하고 있다. 이러한 연구결과는 기존의 권력 불균형을 해결하지 않는다면 국제 개발 장학금의 연구는 주로 북부 우위의 관점에서 이루어지고 대안적 관점, 의견 그리고 인식론을 소외시킨다는 사실을 보여준다. 이에 본 연구는 국제 장학금을 재고하는 방식으로서 연구 의제를 다양화하여 기존 헤게모니에 저항할 뿐만 아니라 국제 장학금 연구를 탈식민지화할 것을 요청한다. 이러한 탈식민지화를 위해서는 연구자들이 비평적 의식을 발휘하고 서양중심의 인식론을 넘어서는 다양한 인식론을 사용하는 데 개방적이어야 한다. 제언으로 대안적 인식론을 사용하는 연구을 본 논문의 후반부에 열거했다. 이는 그동안 간과해온 지식의 정치학적 특성을 검토하고 비평적이고 세심한 담론의 전환을 추구함으로써 진정으로 미래의 유망주들을 위한 국제 장학금을 다시 상상할 수 있을 뿐 아니라 본 연구분야를 재고하는 데 한 걸음 나아갈 수 있음을 보여준다.CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Background 2 1.2. Statement of the Problem 3 1.3. Purpose of the Study 5 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 14 2.1. International Scholarship Research Landscape 14 2.1.1. Multiple Meanings of ‘International Scholarship’ 15 2.1.2. Three Waves of Research Production: From Pre-2015 to Post-2015 18 2.2. Common Critical Perspectives on International Scholarship 33 2.2.1. Scholarship Aid as Disputed Aid 33 2.2.2. Paradox of Scholarships 42 2.2.3. Post-2015 SDG4b as Incongruent Global Target 52 2.3. The Need for Alternative Critique: Dismantling Politics of Knowledge 55 2.3.1. Challenging the Normativity of the Research Field 55 2.3.2. Putting International Scholarship Research under Postcolonial Lens 57 CHAPTER 3: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 58 3.1. International Scholarship as Dev’t Aid under Postcolonial Lens 58 3.1.1. Western Vision of Development and Hierarchical Ontologies 59 3.1.2. Knowledge Hierarchy within International Scholarships 60 3.1.3. Rethinking Development towards “Otherwise” 66 3.2. Epistemologies in Knowledge Production 66 3.2.1. Connell’s Northern and Southern Theory 66 3.2.2. Alatas’ Academic Dependency and Captive Mind 69 3.2.3. De Sousa Santos’ Epistemologies of the North/South 71 3.3. Postcolonial Politics of Voice and Representation in Literature 74 3.3.1. ‘Other’ as Hegemonic Perspectives and Voices 75 3.3.2. Subaltern Voice as Silenced Perspectives and Voices 76 3.3.3. Re-presentation and Writing Back as Resistance 77 3.4. Conceptual Framework 78 CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY 81 4.1. Methodological Approach 81 4.1.1. Critical Research Paradigm 81 4.1.2. Postcolonial Critical Discourse Analysis as Methodology 83 4.2. Data Collection and Analysis 87 4.2.1. Data Collection: Process and Limitations 88 4.2.2. Data Analysis Process 94 4.3. Transparency, Trustworthiness and Reflexivity 96 4.3.1. Issues on CDA as Methodology 96 4.3.2. Trustworthiness and Transparency 98 4.3.3. Personal, Epistemic and Methodological Reflexivity 99 CHAPTER 5: FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS 110 5.1. Three Research Genres under Northern Lens 112 5.1.1. UNESCO Global Report: Datafication of Aid Donors and Recipients 112 5.1.2. Alumni Tracer Studies: Recipients as Other 127 5.1.3. Academic Literature: Diversification under Northern Lens 139 5.2. Scholarship of Other: Common Themes Across Research Genres 151 5.2.1. Subject-Object Relations 151 5.2.2. Axiology of Productivity and Progress 153 5.2.3. Monologic Research Inquiry 154 5.2.4. Resistance from Within 156 5.3. My Dissertation as Resistance: A Meta-Critique and Contemplation 158 5.3.1. Swimming in the Colonial Unconscious: Confronting Captive Mind 160 5.3.2. Questioning the Critical Scholar in Resistance 162 5.3.3. Scholarship of Liberation: Expanding Radical Imagination 165 5.3.4. Healing Transgenerational Epistemic Trauma 185 CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS 187 6.1. Scholarship of Other: Research under Northern Lens 188 6.1.1. Expert Gaze and Dominance of Northern Agenda 188 6.1.2. Missing Complexities and Vulnerabilities under Northern Lens 192 6.1.3. Erasure under Northern Gaze: Transgenerational Epistemic Violence 195 6.2. International Scholarship Researchers in Resistance 198 6.2.1. Research Diversification under Epistemologies of the North 198 6.2.2. Radical Resistance with Captive Mind: Missing Epistemologies of South 199 6.2.3. Role of Western Research Culture in Limited Rethinking 201 6.3. Scholarship of Otherwise: Rethinking Int’l Scholarship Research 204 6.3.1. Epistemic Bayanihan as Ecologies of Knowledges 205 6.3.2. Kapwa (Shared Being) as Relational Ontology 206 6.3.3. Pakikipagkwentuhan (Storytelling) as Inquiry of Shared Vulnerability 207 6.4. Implications 208 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 211 7.1. Summary 211 7.2. Way Forward: Researching with Alternative Ways of Knowing/Being 215 7.3. Limitations and Future Directions 229 7.4. Conclusion 232 REFERENCES 233 APPENDICES 261 Appendix A: List of International Scholarship Programs 261 Appendix B: List of Literature (Data) 262 Appendix C: Student Movement Advocacy 286 KOREAN ABSTRACT 293 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 294박

Endorepellin remodels the endothelial transcriptome toward a pro-autophagic and pro-mitophagic gene signature.

Regulation of autophagy by proteolytically cleaved fragments of heparan sulfate proteoglycans is a novel and current research focus in tumor biology. Endorepellin is the C-terminal angiostatic fragment of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan perlecan and induces autophagy in endothelial cells. To further investigate this property, we used NanoString, a digital PCR platform for measuring pre-defined transcripts in biological samples to analyze a custom subset of 95 autophagy-related genes in human umbilical vein endothelial cells treated with ultrapure human recombinant endorepellin. We discovered an endorepellin-evoked pro-autophagic and pro-mitophagic gene expression signatures, which included two coordinately up-regulated mitochondrial-associated genes encoding the E3 ubiquitin protein ligase Parkin and the tumor suppressor mitostatin. Induction of both proteins required the tyrosine kinase activity of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2). Furthermore, we discovered that endorepellin evoked mitochondrial depolarization in endothelial cells via a specific interaction between its two proximal LG1/2 domains and VEGFR2. We also found that following loss of membrane potential, mitostatin and parkin interact and that mitostatin associates with the established Parkin receptor mitofusin-2. In conclusion, we have identified a critical role for endorepellin in remodeling the autophagic transcriptome and influencing mitochondrial homeostasis

Intrahost Selection Pressures Drive Rapid Dengue Virus Microevolution in Acute Human Infections.

Dengue, caused by four dengue virus serotypes (DENV-1 to DENV-4), is a highly prevalent mosquito-borne viral disease in humans. Yet, selection pressures driving DENV microevolution within human hosts (intrahost) remain unknown. We employed a whole-genome segmented amplification approach coupled with deep sequencing to profile DENV-3 intrahost diversity in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and plasma samples from 77 dengue patients. DENV-3 intrahost diversity appears to be driven by immune pressures as well as replicative success in PBMCs and potentially other replication sites. Hotspots for intrahost variation were detected in 59%-78% of patients in the viral Envelope and pre-Membrane/Membrane proteins, which together form the virion surface. Dominant variants at the hotspots arose via convergent microevolution, appear to be immune-escape variants, and were evolutionarily constrained at the macro level due to viral replication defects. Dengue is thus an example of an acute infection in which selection pressures within infected individuals drive rapid intrahost virus microevolution

Effects of changing economic conditions on dental services provided for children and adolescents in Iceland

Efst á síðunni er hægt að nálgast greinina í heild sinni með því að smella á hlekkinnInngangur: Árið 2008 hófst á Íslandi djúp efnahagslægð, sem hafði alvarleg áhrif á efnahag landsins í heild sem og allra Íslendinga. Markmið rannsóknarinnar var að kanna hvaða áhrif efnahagskreppan hafði á eftirspurn eftir tannlæknaþjónustu fyrir börn og unglinga, 0-18 ára, að mati tannlækna, ásamt því að afla upplýsinga um hvers kyns fyrirbyggjandi meðferðir sem tannlæknar veita börnum og unglingum í dag. Efniviður og aðferðir: Rafrænn spurningalisti var sendur til allra félagsmanna Tannlæknafélags Íslands (TFÍ) í janúar 2013. Af þeim tannlæknum sem vinna með börn bárust svör frá 161 tannlækni (64%). Niðurstöður: Af þeim 161 tannlækni sem tóku þátt í rannsókninni töldu 119 (74%) að tannátutíðni barna og unglinga hefði hækkað og 150 (93%) töldu að minnkandi endurgreiðsla frá Sjúkratryggingum Íslands (SÍ) til tannlækninga barna og unglinga á undanförnum árum hefði haft áhrif á tannheilsu sumra eða flestra barna. Meirihluti tannlækna taldi eftirspurn foreldra eftir flestum þáttum tannátuforvarna og meðferða af völdum tannátu, að frátaldri bráðameðferð af völdum tannverkja, hafa minnkað. Samkvæmt tannlæknunum komu börn og unglingar að meðaltali á 9,4 mánaða (sd 2,8) fresti til tannlæknis, en lengst liðu að meðaltali 12,1 mánuður (sd 2,8) á milli tannlæknaheimsókna. Að meðaltali var 31% (sd 20,7) vinnutímans varið í forvarnir gegn tannátu. Ályktun: Niðurstöðurnar benda til að á sama tíma og þörfin fyrir tannlæknaþjónustu fyrir börn og unglinga jókst, hafi eftirspurn foreldra eftir slíkri þjónustu minnkað. Þetta gæti hinsvegar verið tímabundið ástand, sem breytist með batnandi efnahagsástandi og aukinni endurgreiðslu SÍ til tannlækninga barna og unglinga.Introduction: In 2008, Iceland experienced a major financial crisis, which had serious effects on the economy of the country and its inhabitants. The purpose of this study was to describe the opinions of dentists in Iceland regarding the influence of economic changes on the demand for dental health services for children and adolescents, aged 0-18 years, and also to describe the preventive dental care the dentists reported providing for children and adolescents. Materials and methods: Questionnaires were sent by electronic mail to all dentists in Iceland in January 2013. Of all the dentists working with children, 161 (64%) returned the questionnaire. Results: Important findings were that 119 (74%) of the respondents reported increased caries experience in children and adolescents and 150 (93%) reported that decreased reimbursement for dental treatment of children in recent years had affected the dental health of most or some children and adolescents. Most dentists reported reduced parental demand for most aspects of caries prevention and treatment, apart from treatment for acute dental pain. The mean interval between dental visits was reported to be 9.4 months (sd 2.8) and the mean maximal interval 12.1 months (sd 2.8). The mean proportion of working time allocated for caries preventive services was reported to be 31% (sd 21). Conclusion: The results indicate a contrast between increased need for children´s dental care perceived by the dentists and reduced demand for care from the parents. This may be a temporary phenomenon, as the economic crisis passes, reimbursement for dental care may increase

The Dam1 ring binds to the E-hook of tubulin and diffuses along the microtubule.

There has been much effort in recent years aimed at understanding the molecular mechanism by which the Dam1 kinetochore complex is able to couple microtubule depolymerization to poleward movement. Both a biased diffusion and a forced walk model have been proposed, and several key functional aspects of Dam1-microtubule binding are disputed. Here, we investigate the elements involved in tubulin-Dam1 complex interactions and directly visualize Dam1 rings on microtubules in order to infer their dynamic behavior on the microtubule lattice and its likely relevance at the kinetochore. We find that the Dam1 complex has a preference for native tubulin over tubulin that is lacking its acidic C-terminal tail. Statistical mechanical analysis of images of Dam1 rings on microtubules, applied to both the distance between rings and the tilt angle of the rings with respect to the microtubule axis, supports a diffusive ring model. We also present a cryo-EM reconstruction of the Dam1 ring, likely the relevant assembly form of the complex for energy coupling during microtubule depolymerization in budding yeast. The present studies constitute a significant step forward by linking structural and biochemical observations toward a comprehensive understanding of the Dam1 complex

Comparative Metabolomics of Early Development of the Parasitic Plants Phelipanche aegyptiaca and Triphysaria versicolor.

Parasitic weeds of the family Orobanchaceae attach to the roots of host plants via haustoria capable of drawing nutrients from host vascular tissue. The connection of the haustorium to the host marks a shift in parasite metabolism from autotrophy to at least partial heterotrophy, depending on the level of parasite dependence. Species within the family Orobanchaceae span the spectrum of host nutrient dependency, yet the diversity of parasitic plant metabolism remains poorly understood, particularly during the key metabolic shift surrounding haustorial attachment. Comparative profiling of major metabolites in the obligate holoparasite Phelipanche aegyptiaca and the facultative hemiparasite Triphysaria versicolor before and after attachment to the hosts revealed several metabolic shifts implicating remodeling of energy and amino acid metabolism. After attachment, both parasites showed metabolite profiles that were different from their respective hosts. In P. aegyptiaca, prominent changes in metabolite profiles were also associated with transitioning between different tissue types before and after attachment, with aspartate levels increasing significantly after the attachment. Based on the results from 15N labeling experiments, asparagine and/or aspartate-rich proteins were enriched in host-derived nitrogen in T. versicolor. These results point to the importance of aspartate and/or asparagine in the early stages of attachment in these plant parasites and provide a rationale for targeting aspartate-family amino acid biosynthesis for disrupting the growth of parasitic weeds