Phenolic compounds in black currant leaves – an interaction between the plant and foliar diseases?

<p>Interactions between phenolic compounds in black currant leaves and foliar diseases may be important in breeding for resistant genotypes with a nutritional high profile for human applications. For increased understanding of such interactions, we evaluated the presence of major fungal diseases by visual inspection, and content of phenolic compounds by HPLC in leaves of five segregating black currant breeding populations. Eight individual flavonols (e.g. quercetin-3-<i>O</i>-glucoside, quercetin-3-<i>O</i>-rutinoside and kaempferol-malonylgucoside), three flavan-3-ols (epigallocatechin, catechin and epicatechin) and two chlorogenic acids (neochlorogenic acid and chlorogenic acid) were significantly correlated to the leaf diseases. Rib-0701 was the population possessing the highest content for several of the compounds, while genotype differences existed for content of various phenolic compounds and resistance to the diseases. The high variability of content of phenolic compounds opens up for opportunities to breed resistant genotypes with improved health properties of the leaves for functional food products.</p

ANOVA table in the form of mean square values for minerals under different drought stress conditions (***: sig. < 0.001, **: sig. < 0.01, *: sig. < 0.05).

ANOVA table in the form of mean square values for minerals under different drought stress conditions (***: sig. < 0.001, **: sig. < 0.01, *: sig. < 0.05).</p

S3 Fig -

Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) biplots showing mineral yield of (A) Ca, (B) Cu, (C) K, (D) Mn, (E) Mg, (F) Na, (G) P and (H) S versus the first principal component (PC1) score of 30 genotypes (Gen) and three growing conditions (Env) including control (abbreviated as C), early drought stress (EDS) and late drought stress (LDS). Genotypes located closer to the horizontal axis (score 0 on PC1) are those showing relatively higher stability across the three growing conditions. The vertical line in each figure indicates the average mineral yield of the 30 genotypes. (TIF)</p

Fig 1 -

Biplots of principal component analysis (PCA) for the (A) grain concentration and (B) mineral yield of Zn, Fe, Se, Ca, Cu, K, Mn, Mg, Na, P and S of genotypes studied under control (C), early drought stress (EDS) and late drought stress (LDS) conditions.</p

Fig 3 -

Principal component analysis (PCA) for mineral yield of Zn, Fe, Se, Ca, Cu, K, Mn, Mg, Na, P and S in different genotype groups (modern = approved cultivars and breeding lines received from the breeding company Lantmännen, old = old Swedish cultivars released from 1928 to 1990, 1R, 1RS, 2R and 3R = introgressions of chromosome 1R, 1RS, 2R and 3R) under (A) control, (B) early drought stress and (C) late drought stress.</p

Fig 5 -

Linear regression (R2 = the coefficient of determination) of Zn and Fe grain concentration and mineral yield in genotypes under (A and D) control (abbreviated as C), (B and E) early drought stress (EDS) and (C and F) late drought stress (LDS). Modern = approved cultivars and breeding lines received from company Lantmännen, old = old Swedish cultivars released from 1928 to 1990, 1R, 1RS, 2R and 3R = Introgressions of chromosome 1R, 1RS, 2R and 3R.</p

Genotypes with high and stable grain concentration and mineral yield of eight elements (Ca, Cu, K, Mn, Mg, Na, P and S) identified by additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI).

Genotypes with high and stable grain concentration and mineral yield of eight elements (Ca, Cu, K, Mn, Mg, Na, P and S) identified by additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI).</p

Fig 4 -

The mean grain concentration of (A) Zn and (B) Fe, and mineral yield of (C) Zn and (D) Fe of each genotype group under control (abbreviated as C), early drought (EDS) and late drought stress (LDS). Modern = approved cultivars and breeding lines received from company Lantmännen, old = old Swedish cultivars released from 1928 to 1990, 1R, 1RS, 2R and 3R = Introgressions of chromosome 1R, 1RS, 2R and 3R. Means of the same genotype group between treatments marked by the same capital letters do not differ significantly. Means between different genotype groups within each treatment marked by the same lowercase letters do not differ significantly (LSD post-hoc test at p < 0.05).</p

Fig 2 -

Principal component analysis (PCA) for grain concentrations of Zn, Fe, Se, Ca, Cu, K, Mn, Mg, Na, P and S in different genotype groups (modern = approved cultivars and breeding lines received from the breeding company Lantmännen, old = old Swedish cultivars released from 1928 to 1990, 1R, 1RS, 2R and 3R = Introgressions of chromosome 1R, 1RS, 2R and 3R) under (A) control, (B) early drought stress and (C) late drought stress.</p

Fig 8 -

Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) biplots showing (A) Se grain concentration and (B) Se mineral yield versus the first principal component (PC1) score of 30 genotypes (Gen) and three growing conditions (Env) including control (abbreviated as C), early drought stress (EDS) and late drought stress (LDS). Genotypes located closer to the horizontal axis (score 0 on PC1) are those showing relatively higher stability across the three growing conditions. The vertical line in each figure indicates the average Se grain concentration and mineral yield of the 30 genotypes.</p