Study of the effect of the concentration of hydrotalcite in the recovery of colorants in textile wastewater

[EN] The absorption capacity of calcined hydrotalcite at different concentrations in a solution of 0.05 g . L-1 of 4 different dyes has been compared; Direct Blue 199, Direct Red 23, Direct Blue 71 and Reactive Yellow. For this, the Lambert-Beer lines of each dye have been previously made. Two different concentrations of clay, 5 and 10 g . L-1, have been worked. Then the dye has been introduced into the clay by stirring for 24 hours in 100 ml of solution of each dye, to later filter it and allow to dry. In all cases, the absorption of the dye by the nanoclay has been almost absolute, leaving the initial solution very clean, which are excellent results from the point of view of cleaning wastewater. However, when obtaining very similar results when scaling it to an industrial production, it would be more optimal to use the lowest concentration in order to reduce costs. Finally, a color measurement was made using a Jasco V-670 spectrophotometer, double beam spectrophotometer between 190- 2700 nm and color differences are calculated and represented in a color chart. Again, no large differences are observed and reinforce the idea of using a low concentration.López, D.; Micó-Vicent, B.; Bonet-Aracil, M.; Bou-Belda, E. (2020). Study of the effect of the concentration of hydrotalcite in the recovery of colorants in textile wastewater. Annals of the University of Oradea: Fascicle of Textiles, Leatherwork (Online). 21(1):61-64. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/167210S616421

Optimization of tea extracts composition to dye cotton. Time and temperature influence

[EN] The last few years natural dyes rose in value. Some synthetics dyes are proven to be environmentally harmful and can cause negative effects. Due to the eco awareness the natural dyes were again wildly used. Tea extracts from the Camellia sinensis plant were used. Tea has a large range of phytoconstituents and some can be transferred onto the cotton fabric. The optimal time and temperature to obtain as many phytoconstituents as possible had to be established. The aim of this study was to optimize the extraction process from tea so as to apply the maximum concentration of phytoconstituents onto the textile fibers and improve the cotton functionalization (Ultra violet protection for example) once it is dyed with the extract. Results demonstrate time and temperature had a great influence on the optimization of the tea extracts. We could conclude that after 2 hours the most polyphenols, hydrolysable tannins and condensed tannins are obtained and increasing the time didn’t add any value. The temperature was a really important factor because the polyphenols derived around 70 °C so both the extraction temperature and dyeing treatment should be below 70 °C. Wastewater were characterized in order to determine the phytoconstituents were in the cotton fibres.Lambrecht, L.; Gisbert Paya, J.; Bou-Belda, E.; Bonet Aracil, MA. (2020). Optimization of tea extracts composition to dye cotton. Time and temperature influence. Journal of Applied Research in Technology & Engineering. 1(1):3-7. https://doi.org/10.4995/jarte.2020.13480OJS371

In situ test: cotton sheets against mosquito bites in India

[EN] Historically, fabrics were considered as a source of warmth and protection against weather conditions. Nowadays, fabrics can be converted into smart textiles and through this process new properties are conferred to them. For that purpose, microcapsules can play an important role in that they can be used within many application areas including medicine or pharmaceuticals. Malaria, dengue fever and other diseases are typically spread through mosquito bites. This is a concern of many authorities in affected countries and significant research is being conducted today in order to reduce incidence. The aim of the study reported here is not only to demonstrate the effectiveness of microcapsules on cotton fabrics as a prevention to mosquito bites but also to test this in situ. Different fabrics were prepared and tested in two Indian regions. Laboratory tests were performed according to a standard designed by the Swiss Tropical laboratory. Results demonstrated that the fabrics repellence to mosquitos could be considered as very good and that the repellent effect of the microcapsules was maintained for more than 10 laundry cycles. Furthermore, our experiments conducted in situ confirmed the effectiveness of the technology.The authors would like to express their gratitude to the "Fundacion Vicente Ferrer" and to the project CDTI IDI/20090482. Authors would also acknowledge Electron Microscopy Service of the UPV for their professional support on the SEM images analysis.Bonet-Aracil, M.; Bou-Belda, E.; Gisbert Paya, J.; Ibañez Garcia, F. (2019). In situ test: cotton sheets against mosquito bites in India. Cellulose. 26(7):4655-4663. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02395-zS46554663267Anuar AA, Yusof N (2016) Methods of imparting mosquito repellent agents and the assessing mosquito repellency on textile. Fash Text 3(1):12Berger J, Reist M, Mayer JM, Felt O, Peppas NA, Gurny R (2004) Structure and interactions in covalently and ionically crosslinked chitosan hydrogels for biomedical applications. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 57:19–34Bonet Aracil M, Monllor P, Capablanca L, Gisbert J, Díaz P, Montava I (2015) A comparison between padding and bath exhaustion to apply microcapsules onto cotton. Cellulose 22:2117–2127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0600-8Bonet-Aracil M, Capablanca L, Monllor P, Díaz P, Montava I (2012) Studying bath exhaustion as a method to apply microcapsules on fabrics. J Text Inst 103(6):629–635Carter R, Mendis KN (2002) Evolutionary and historical aspects of the burden of malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev 15(4):564–594Carvalho IT, Estevinho BN, Santos L (2016) Application of microencapsulated essential oils in cosmetic and personal healthcare products—a review. Int J Cosmet Sci 38(2):109–119Dewettinck K, Huyghebaert A (1999) Fluidized bed coating in food technology. Trends Food Sci Technol 10:163–168Downham A (2000) Collins Paul. Colouring our foods in the last and next millennium. Int J Food Sci Technol 35:5–22Goldman L, Ausiello D (2009) Cecil tratado de medicina interna (No. 616). ElsevierGouin S (2004) Microencapsulation: industrial appraisal of existing technologies and trends. Trend Food Sci Technol 15:330–347Gupta RK, Rutledge LC, Reifenrath WG, Gutierrez GA, Korte JD (1989) Effects of weathering on fabrics treated with permethrin for protection against mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 5(2):176–179Hatefi A, Amsden B (2002) Biodegradabe injectable in situ forming drug delivery systems. J Control Release 80:9–28Heinzelmann K, Franke K (1999) Using freezing and drying techniques of emulsions for the microencapsulation of fish oil to improve oxidation stability. Colloid Surf B 12:223–229Hirech K, Payan S, Carnelle G, Brujes L, Legrand J (2003) Microencapsulation of an insecticide by interfacial polymerization. Powder Technol 130:324–330Kamsuk K, Choochote W, Chaithong U, Jitpakdi A, Tippawangkosol P, Riyong D, Pitasawat B (2007) Effectiveness of Zanthoxylum piperitum-derived essential oil as an alternative repellent under laboratory and field applications. Parasitol Res 100:339–345Liu J, Fung D, Jiang J, Zhu Y (2014) Ultrafine particle emissions from essential-oil-based mosquito repellent products. Indoor Air 24:327–335Magnin D, Lefebvre J, Chornet E, Dumitriu S (2004) Physicochemical and structural characterization of a polyionic matrix of interest in biotechnology, in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. Carbohydr Polym 55:437–453Majeti N, Ravi Kumar V (2000) Nano and microspheres as controlled drug delivery devices. J Pharm Pharm Sci 3(2):234–258Maji TK, Baruah I, Dube S, Hussain MR (2007) Microencapsulation of Zanthoxylum limonella oil (ZLO) in glutaraldehyde crosslinked gelatin for mosquito repellent application. Bioresour Technol 98:840–844Monllor P, Cases FJ, Bonet M (2007) Characterization of the behaviour of flavour microcapsules in cotton fabrics. Eur Polym J 43:2481–2490Moretti M, Sanna-Passino G, Demontis S, Bazzoni E (2004) Essential oil formulations useful as a new tool for insect pest control. AAPS Pharm Sci Technol 3(2):62–64Muzzarelli C, Stanic V, Gobbi L, Tosi G, Muzzarelli RAA (2004) Spray-drying of solutions containing chitosan together with polyuronans and characterisation of the microspheres. Carbohydr Polym 57:73–82Nelson G (1991) Microencapsulates in textile coloration and finishing. Rev Prog Color 21:72–85Senjković R, Jalŝenjak I (1981) Surface topography of microcapsules and the drug release. J Pharm Pharmacol 33(1):665–666Solomon B, Sahle FF, Gebre-Mariam T, Asres K, Neubert RHH (2012) Microencapsulation of citronella oil for mosquito-repellent application: formulation and in vitro permeation studies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 80:61–66Thavara U, Tawatsin A, Chompoosri J (2002). Phytochemicals as repellents against mosquitoes in Thailand. In: International conference on biopesticide, Malaysia, pp 233–242Wen-Tao Q, Wei-ting Y, Xie Y, Xiaojun M (2005) Optimization of Saccaromyces cerevisiae culture in alginate-chitosan-alginate microcapsule. Biochem Eng J 25:151–157WHO, “World Malaria Report 2015,” Geneva, 27 SwitzerlandWibowo S, Velazquez G, Savant V, Torres JA (2005) Surimi wash water treatment for protein recovery: effect of chitosanalginate complex concentration and treatment time on protein adsorption. Biores Technol 96:665–67

A preliminary study of printed electronics through flexography impression on flexible substrates

[EN] The work is framed within Printed Electronics, an emerging technology for the manufacture of electronic products. Among the different printing methods, the roll-to-roll flexography technique is used because it allows continuous manufacturing and high productivity at low cost. Apart from the process parameters, the ink and the substrate properties are some of the variables associated with the flexographic printing. Specifically, this study investigates the ink penetration, the print uniformity, the adhesion, the fastness, and the electrical behaviour of the same conductive silver ink printed on different flexible substrates through the flexography process. In addition to polymeric and siliconized paper substrates, which are typical used in printed electronics, two substrates were also chosen for the study: woven and nonwoven fabric. Optical, scanning electronic microscope (SEM), 4-point Kelvin and colour fastness to wash and rubbing analyses have been performed. The results concluded that, regarding the conductivity behaviour, porous substrates like textiles and nonwoven fabrics without pre and post treatments do not present acceptable results, whereas polymers or silicone papers do. Nevertheless, woven and nonwoven fabrics are a suitable early option regarding colour fastness to wash instead of thin polymeric and paper substrates that tear at the wash machine. A solution for an optimal printing on textiles would be the surface substrates pre-treatment by applying different chemical compounds that increase the adhesion of the ink on the fabricThis research is part of HYBRID project that is funded by the Conselleria d¿Economia Sostenible, Sectors Productius i Treball, through IVACE. Application No.: IMAMCI/2020/1Rodes Carbonell, AM.; Ferri Pascual, J.; Garcia-Breijo, E.; Bou-Belda, E. (2021). A preliminary study of printed electronics through flexography impression on flexible substrates. Industria Textila. 72(2):133-137. https://doi.org/10.35530/it.072.02.20202413313772

The Optimal Concentration of Nanoclay Hydrotalcite for Recovery of Reactive and Direct Textile Colorants

[EN] Concerns about the health of the planet have grown dramatically, and the dyeing sector of the textile industry is one of the most polluting of all industries. Nanoclays can clean dyeing wastewater using their adsorption capacities. In this study, as a new finding, it was possible to analyze and quantify the amount of metal ions substituted by anionic dyes when adsorbed, and to determine the optimal amount of nanoclay to be used to adsorb all the dye. The tests demonstrated the specific amount of nanoclay that must be used and how to optimize the subsequent processes of separation and processing of the nanoclay. Hydrotalcite was used as the adsorbent material. Direct dyes were used in this research. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns allowed the shape recovery of the hydrotalcite to be checked and confirmed the adsorption of the dyes. An FTIR analysis was used to check the presence of characteristic groups of the dyes in the resulting hybrids. The thermogravimetric (TGA) tests corroborated the dye adsorption and the thermal fastness improvement. Total solar reflectance (TSR) showed increased radiation protection for UV-VIS-NIR. Through the work carried out, it has been possible to establish the maximum adsorption point of hydrotalcite.To the Vice-rectorate for research of the UPV for funding for open access charge: CRUEUniversitat Politecnica de Valencia.López-Rodríguez, D.; Micó-Vicent, B.; Bonet-Aracil, M.; Cases, F.; Bou-Belda, E. (2022). The Optimal Concentration of Nanoclay Hydrotalcite for Recovery of Reactive and Direct Textile Colorants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 23(17):1-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179671124231

Influence of the size of tourmaline particles applied on polyester fabric on the release of negative ions

[EN] There are some scientific papers that verify that the generation of negative ions in the air have positive consequences on people's mood and health. In this work is intended to increase the generation of negative ions from polyester fabrics to achieve an increase in well-being and comfort through the realize of negative ions. To improve the negative ion release ability on different substrates there have been many studies which have considered silicates as a good particle with these characteristics. Polyester fabrics were treated using padding system with different tourmaline microparticles in order to modify the surface behavior when rubbed and demonstrating that it is possible to modify the number of negative ions generated. Two types of tourmaline microparticles with different size particles, 3 and 30 m, were studied and applied on the samples with and without an acrylic resin to get a better fixation. To determine the quantity of negative ions released, an ion counter was used, testing each sample. Finally, the results were studied, analyzing the different parameters that influence them, as the concentration, the addition of resin or the kind of the particle. The best results were obtained with the Tourmaline with 30 m at 50 g/L concentration and without the addition of the acrylic resin.Authors would like to acknowledge the financial support given by Spanish Ministry of Science, innovation and universities under the RETOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN, I+D+i ORIENTADA A LOS RETOS DE LA SOCIEDAD program on the 2018 call, because of the project reference RTI2018-094014-B-I0.Mira, C.; Díaz-García, P.; Montava-Seguí, I.; Gisbert Paya, J.; Bou-Belda, E. (2020). Influence of the size of tourmaline particles applied on polyester fabric on the release of negative ions. Annals of the University of Oradea: Fascicle of Textiles, Leatherwork. 21(2):53-56. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/165359S535621

Evaluation of flexural rigidity of cotton fabrics treated with poliurethane and acrilyc resin and montmorillonite particles

[EN] Textile manufacturers are demonstrating an increasing interest in the application of different types of micro or nanoparticles in order to add new properties to the fabric. For example, it is demostrated that fabrics treated with some type of silicate particles, like montmorillonite improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton fabric or improve the flame retardant effect, among other interesting properties. Usually these particles, are not a reactive agent that can react with the fibers. Because of that, the resin product are necessary to make them adhere to the fiber, otherwise they will be lost during the actions of treated fabric use and maintenance such as washing, ironing, drying, etc. The resin plays an important role in treating the fuctionalization of the textile. Instead, this compound can modify its properties. In this work, flexural rigidity of treated cotton fabrics with binder and with and without montmorillonite particles were evaluated. Two different resins were studied, acrilyc and poliurethane, and 1, 2.5 and 5 g/L of this product were applied. It was appreciated that fabric treated with particles modify the flexural rigidity in less difference than when treating it only with resin, regardless of the type of binder used.Author would like to acknowledge the financial support given by Spanish Ministry of Science, innovation and universities under the RETOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN, I+D+i ORIENTADA A LOS RETOS DE LA SOCIEDAD program on the 2018 call, because of the project reference RTI2018-094014-B-I0.Carette, M.; Díaz-García, P.; Montava-Seguí, I.; Gisbert Paya, J.; Bou-Belda, E. (2020). Evaluation of flexural rigidity of cotton fabrics treated with poliurethane and acrilyc resin and montmorillonite particles. Annals of the University of Oradea: Fascicle of Textiles, Leatherwork. 21(2):11-14. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/165406S111421

Screen printing on cotton fabric using chitosan and alginate as natural thickening agent

[EN] In the process of making a print on a fabric, several steps that require many materials and substances are involved. When the purpose is to create a pattern through the use of natural products, it is necessary to pay close attention, not only to the origin and method of extraction of the pigments that you intend to use, but also, for example, to the thickeners to be added to the paste for increasing the viscosity of the pastes and molding, to the stains to be applied for better color rendering on the fabric and to the final fixatives, designed to make the product durable. Thickeners are a fundamental step in the success of printing on fabrics. These agents are generally compounds with a high molecular weight whose task is to transfer to the fabrics the dyes and chemical compounds necessary to create the printing pattern, thanks to the plastic action that they give to the compound used. As far as the environmental consequences of the use of thickeners are concerned, starting from the analysis of the wastewater of the processes, it has emerged that the use of biodegradable additives and guar rubber on the fabrics is preferable, since they are less harmful to the ecosystem. In this work different natural compounds, chitosan and alginate, are used in order to increase the viscosity of the paste prepared for printing. Color measurement of each printed cotton simple was analized and it could be appreciated that alginate paste printed on pretreated fabric with chitosan reached good results.Rondanini, S.; Díaz-García, P.; Montava-Seguí, I.; Gisbert Paya, J.; Bou-Belda, E. (2020). Screen printing on cotton fabric using chitosan and alginate as natural thickening agent. Annals of the University of Oradea: Fascicle of Textiles, Leatherwork. 21(2):77-80. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/165395S778021

Fibers of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica as substrate for germination of lentil seeds

[EN] Concern regarding the environment is increasing day by day. Industrialized countries are aware of the problem that waste creates and are focusing efforts toward solving it by recycling and reusing different kinds of waste. Posidonia oceanica is a seagrass species endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, which creates tons of fiber waste that accumulates along the shoreline. This work demonstrates the feasibility of obtaining substrates for plants from P oceanica fibers. We analyze the fiber structure by scanning electron microscopy, and observe the germination rate and the average germination time for lentils seeded on Posidonia substrates in comparison to those seeded on cotton. Two different lengths of Posidonia fiber are studied, as well as the influence of desizing and bleaching. The values for gemination rate and germination time showed comparable or even better results than cotton, allowing us to conclude that Posidonia substrates can be used for agricultural purposes. These results offer a new application for the valorization of waste from the Mediterranean coast by reusing the Posidonia fibers. Moreover, when the fibers are bound together by means of a biopolymer, chitosan, the results show that the germination rate is higher than without chitosan treatment, and the average germination time is reduced by approximately 1 day. Thus, we can conclude that the germination process is faster and more effective.Bonet-Aracil, M.; Gisbert Paya, J.; Bou-Belda, E.; Montava-Seguí, I.; Díaz-García, P. (2019). Fibers of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica as substrate for germination of lentil seeds. SN Applied Sciences. 1(11):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-1420-5S16111Ferrero B, Fombuena V, Fenollar O, Boronat T, Balart R (2015) Development of natural fiber-reinforced plastics (NFRP) based on biobased polyethylene and waste fibers from Posidonia oceanica seaweed. Polym Compos 36(8):1378–1385Ferrero B, Boronat T, Moriana R, Fenollar O, Balart R (2013) Green composites based on wheat gluten matrix and Posidonia oceanica waste fibers as reinforcements. Polym Compos 34(10):1663–1669Khiari R, Marrakchi Z, Belgacem MN, Mauret E, Mhenni F (2011) New lignocellulosic fibres-reinforced composite materials: a step forward in the valorisation of the Posidonia oceanica balls. Compos Sci Technol 71(16):1867–1872Khiari R, Mhenni MF, Belgacem MN, Mauret E (2010) Chemical composition and pulping of date palm rachis and Posidonia oceanica—a comparison with other wood and non-wood fibre sources. Bioresour Technol 101:775–780Ncibi MC, Mahjoub B, Seffen M (2007) Kinetic and equilibrium studies of methylene blue biosorption by Posidonia oceanica (L.) fibres. J Hazard Mater 139(2):280–285Wahab MA, Jellali S, Jedidi N (2010) Effect of temperature and pH on the biosorption of ammonium onto Posidonia oceanica fibers: equilibrium, and kinetic modeling studies. Bioresour Technol 101(22):8606–8615Aguir C, Mhenni MF (2006) Experimental study on carboxymethylation of cellulose extracted from Posidonia oceanica. J Appl Polym Sci 98:1808–1816Plis A, Lasek J, Skawińska A, Kopczyński M (2014) Thermo-chemical properties of biomass from Posidonia oceanica. Chem Pap 68(7):879–889Mitra A, Li YF, Klämpfl TG, Shimizu T, Jeon J, Morfill GE, Zimmermann JL (2014) Inactivation of surface-borne microorganisms and increased germination of seed specimen by cold atmospheric plasma. Food Bioprocess Technol 7(3):645–653International Seed Testing Association (1985) International rules for seed testing 1985. Seed Sci Technol 13(2):299–513Taylor AG, Harman GE (1990) Concepts and technologies of selected seed treatments. Annu Rev Phytopathol 28(1):321–339Goertz SH, ve Coons JM (1989) Germination response of tepary and navy beans to sodium chloride and temperature. HortScience 24(6):923–925Kaya MD, Kaya G, Kolsarıcı Ö (2005) The effects of NaCl concentrations on germination and excretion of some Brassica species. J Agric Sci 11(4):448–45

Uses of Nanoclays and Adsorbents for Dye Recovery: A Textile Industry Review

[EN] Wastewater recovery is one of the most pressing contaminant-related subjects in the textile industry. Many cleaning and recovery techniques have been applied in recent decades, from physical separation to chemical separation. This work reviews textile wastewater recovery by focusing on natural or synthetic nanoclays in order to compare their capabilities. Presently, a wide variety of nanoclays are available that can adsorb substances dissolved in water. This review summarizes and describes nanoclay modifications for different structures (laminar, tubular, etc.) to compare adsorption performance under the best conditions. This adsorbent capacity can be used in contaminant industries to recover water that can be used and be recontaminated during a second use to close the production circle. It explores and proposes future perspectives for the nanoclay hybrid compounds generated after certain cleaning steps. This is a critical review of works that have studied adsorption or desorption procedures for different nanoclay structures. Finally, it makes a future application proposal by taking into account the summarized pros and cons of each nanoclay. This work addresses contaminant reuse, where part of the employed dyes can be reused in printing or even dyeing processes, depending on the fixing capacity of the dye in the nanoclay, which is herein discussedLópez-Rodríguez, D.; Micó-Vicent, B.; Jordán-Núñez, J.; Bonet-Aracil, M.; Bou-Belda, E. (2021). Uses of Nanoclays and Adsorbents for Dye Recovery: A Textile Industry Review. Applied Sciences. 11(23):1-27. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311422127112