Development of a database system for the calculation of indicators of environmental pressure caused by transport

The scope of this paper is to summarise a methodology developed for TRENDS (TRansport and ENvironment Database System—TRENDS). The main objective of TRENDS was the calculation of environmental pressure indicators caused by transport. The environmental pressures considered are associated with air emissions from the four main transport modes, i.e. road, rail, ships and air. In order to determine these indicators a system for calculating a range of environmental pressures due to transport was developed within a PC-based MS Access environment. Emphasis is given on the latest features incorporated in the model and their applications. One of the recently developed features of the software provides an option for simple scenario analysis including vehicle dynamics (such as turnover and evolution) for all EU15 member states. This feature is called the Transport Activity Balance module (TAB) and enables the production of collective results for all transport modes as well as a comparative assessment of air emissions produced by the various modes. Traffic activity and emission data obtained according to a basic (reference) scenario are displayed for the time period 1970–2020. In addition, a detailed assessment of the results produced by TRENDS was conducted by means of comparison with data found in the literature. Finally, vehicle emissions produced by the model for the EU15 member states were spatially disaggregated for the base year, 1995 and GIS maps were generated. Examples of these maps are displayed in this document, for the various modes of transport considered in the study

Information Environment, Fatigue, and Culture in the Maritime Domain

Maritime shipping operates within a complex operational setting and incorporates many types of workplaces and work roles. The maritime domain has been a bit slower than other complex domains in its research and development of human factors and ergonomics application. The problem remains that the operator is continuously being excluded from the loop, which increases the probability of shipboard errors and accidents. This chapter begins by providing a general introduction to the maritime domain and its unique characteristics and is followed by a section on the information environment on the bridge. The section on the information environment on the bridge highlights the importance of integrating the end user into the bridge system and how technology must provide intuitive information at the right level of complexity at the right time. The main focus of this chapter is then split into two areas of current high significance: fatigue on board and maritime culture (also incorporating safety culture issues). Fatigue on board is of major concern, and most studies indicate that a systems approach must be adopted. This approach should account for aspects such as the number of personnel, trip length, frequency and duration of port visits, and shift planning. Within the area of maritime culture, multiculturalism and the way it is managed on board ships, including shipboard practices, affect safety. In the area of safety culture, three recommendations are central: (a) increase compliance with regulations, (b) implement a safety management system, and (c) implement a behavioral safety system. In general, this review indicates that more data are needed on human-technology-organizational issues in the maritime domain