Perspektywy wykorzystania węgla kamiennego

Tyt. z nagłówka.Bibliografia s. 263-265.Dostępny również w formie drukowanej.STRESZCZENIE: Węgiel zajmuje główne miejsce spośród pozostałych pierwotnych nośników energii - ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego. Jego zasoby są olbrzymie i znajdują się we wszystkich regionach geograficznych świata (w ponad 70 krajach). Prognozy opracowane przez światowe agendy energetyczne i instytucje (WEC, IEA, UE) zakładają w najbliższych 30 latach dalszy wzrost zużycia węgla, zwłaszcza w procesach energetycznego spalania do wytwarzania energii elektrycznej. Ceny węglowodorów ciekłych i gazowych będą w dalszym ciągu na rynkach międzynarodowych wzrastać. Wpływ na to będzie miała niestabilna sytuacja polityczna i gospodarcza krajów będących głównymi producentami, a zarazem eksporterami ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego. Węgiel powinien stabilizować tę sytuację, gdyż zapewniałby stabilizację dostaw, a tym samym gwarantowałby bezpieczeństwo energetyczne świata. Wymagać to będzie jednak uzyskania akceptacji społecznej dzięki zastosowaniu na szeroką skalę tzw. technologii czystego węgla, poprawiających zdecydowanie efektywność energetyczną oraz znacząco ograniczających emisję pyłów i gazów cieplarnianych. Polska posiadająca znaczne zasoby węgla kamiennego i brunatnego może spełniać istotną rolę w zagwarantowaniu bezpieczeństwa energetycznego kraju, jak również Unii Europejskiej. Wymagać to jednak będzie unowocześnienia potencjału produkcyjnego, a także jego rozwoju oraz poprawy konkurencyjności górnictwa węglowego. SŁOWA KLUCZOWE: polski węgiel kamienny, polski węgiel brunatny, technologie czystego węgla, ekonomika wzbogacania. ABSTRACT: Coal is the most important primary energy source. It take the first place before oil and natural gas. Hard coal reserves are immense and are located in all geographical regions of the world (over 70 countries). The forecasts worked out by the agencies and institution working worldwide (WEC, IEA, UE) assume that in the nearest 30 years the use of coal will increase, especially in processes of burning for electricity generation. The prices of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons will continue to rise on the international markets. The reason for that is the unstable political and economic position of the countries, being the main producers and exporters of oil and natural gas. Coal should stabilize the situation as its supplies are stable and improve the energy security of the World. To achieve that goal it is necessary to acquire social acceptance through the wide introducing into service so called clean coal technologies, that significantly improve the energy efficiency and reduce particular matter and green-house gases emission. Poland, possessing significant reserves of hard and brown coal, may play the leading role in warranting the energy security not only in the country but also in the European Union. Nevertheless it is necessary to modernize the existing production potential and its development as well as the increase of competitiveness of the Polish coal mining industry. KEYWORDS: polish black coal, polish brown coal, clean coal technologies, enrichments economics

Losses of chemical energy in hard-coal energy-utilization exothermic processes

In the sequence of occurrence, these processes are the losses in coal production, processing losses, and the losses in electrical-energy generation. These losses are evaluated.

Analysis of the Process of Mineral Sequestration of CO2 with the Use of Fluidised Bed Combustion (FBC) Fly Ashes

There is a current focus on replacing the generally accepted conventional power generation technologies with more advanced ones that will better protect the natural environment. The need to limit CO2 emissions from power generation plants presents a problem that must be solved in many countries that use coal or lignite as basic fuels. One potential option is mineral sequestration performed using side products of fossil fuel combustion, such as fluidised bed combustion (FBC) fly ashes. Fluidised bed combustion (FBC) lignite fly ashes are characterised by a high storage capacity of 15.7%. Research conducted with the most commonly used method of direct mineral sequestration—CO2 trapping with fluidised bed combustion (FBC) ash in water suspension—has indicated a very high level of carbonation of CO2, reaching 11%. Calcite was the basic product of carbonation. The calcite content increased from 2% to 12% in the suspension subjected to treatment with CO2. Furthermore, CO2 reduced the pH and limited the leaching of impurities, such as Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, As, Hg, Cd, Cr, Cl, and SO4. The fly ash suspensions subjected to CO2 treatment can be used in industry in the final stage of carbon capture and utilisation (CCU) technology, which will further contribute to the implementation of the circular economy

Odpady w produkcji cementu w Polsce – w kierunku zrównoważonego rozwoju

The cement industry has been using waste as a raw material for many years. Waste is also used as alternative fuel. Cement plants are an important element of the waste management system and fit the idea of a circular economy. When waste is recovered in the cement production process, direct and indirect CO2 emissions are partially avoided. This article discusses the cement industry in Poland. The current situation in terms of the use of alternative fuels and raw materials in Poland, the different types of waste and the amount of waste used is discussed. The article discusses changes in the amount of waste (the increase in the amount of waste used as raw materials from the year 2006 to the year 2019) and the types of waste recovered in the cement production process and the possibility of closing material cycles on the plant scale (recycling to the primary process – cement kiln dust) and industry (using waste from other industries: metallurgy – granulated blast furnace slag, iron bearings; energy production – fly ash, reagypsum/phosphogypsum, fluidized bed combustion fly ash, and fluidized bed combustion bottom ash; wastewater treatment plants – sewage sludge, etc.). The analysis shows that the role of cement plants in waste management and the circular economy in Poland is important. Industrial waste from metallurgy, power plants, heat and power plants, wastewater treatment plants, and municipal waste is used as the raw material for the cement industry, leading to an industrial symbiosis.Przemysł cementowy od wielu lat wykorzystuje odpady przemysłowe i komunalne jako surowce mineralne oraz energetyczne. prowadząc do symbiozy przemysłowej. Cementownie są ważnym elementem systemu gospodarki odpadami i wpisują się w ideę gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym. Odzysk odpadów w procesie produkcji cementu przekłada się na częściowe uniknięcie bezpośredniej i pośredniej emisji CO2. W artykule omówiono zmiany ilościowe stosowanych odpadów (wzrost ilości odpadów wykorzystywanych jako surowcew latach 2006–2019), jak również rodzaje odpadów poddanych odzyskowi w procesie produkcji cementu oraz możliwość zamknięcia obiegów materiałowych na skalę zakładową (recykling w ramach procesu pierwotnego – pył z pieca cementowego) i przemysłową (wykorzystywanie odpadów z innych gałęzi przemysłu: hutnictwo – granulowany żużel wielkopiecowy, dodatki żelazonośne; produkcja energii – popiół lotny, reagips/fosfogips, popioły fluidalne; oczyszczalnie ścieków – osady ściekowe itp.). Przeprowadzona w artykule analiza wskazuje na istotną rolę cementowni w systemie gospodarki odpadami i gospodarce o obiegu zamkniętym w Polsce

Alternative fuels for the cement industry

One of the main methods for utilising waste is its use as an energy source. Waste is only suitable for use as a fuel if it has a chemical energy content. This energy content depends most of all on the size of the (organic) combustible fraction and on the moisture content. To better employ the chemical energy contained in wastes, alternative fuels have been developed which are mixtures of different wastes. Some of these alternative fuels are: RDF, BRAM, SIBRCOM, INBRE, PAKOM, etc. Research carried out for a number of years in cement plants all over the world has clearly shown the advantages of waste utilisation in clinkering processes and cement production. The decisive factors promoting the use of cement kilns for the utilisation of wastes are: the high incineration temperature, the large area of the furnace, the significant length of the kiln and the alkaline environment inside the kiln.Alternative fuels Municipal and industrial waste Cement plants

Produkcja wodoru w Polsce – stan i kierunki rozwoju

In the era of the fight against global warming and in light of the search for energy with the least possible impact on the environment, interest in hydrogen has become a natural direction of development. Striving for a zero-emission Europe by 2050, the EU promotes low-emission and ultimately emission-free hydrogen for the widest possible use in the economy. Poland has developed a strategic document specifying the necessary activities for the use of hydrogen in the economy, which should at the same time maintain its competitiveness. Poland is currently the third producer of hydrogen in the European Union, which enables strategic thinking about maintaining Poland as a leading player on the hydrogen market in the long term. Currently, hydrogen in Poland is produced by (usually large) state-owned enterprises for their own needs with only a small margin of its resale. This is conventional hydrogen that is mainly obtained from natural gas. Therefore, it is difficult to talk about the hydrogen market, which must develop so that this raw material can be widely used in many branches of the modern economy. However, this requires taking a number of legislative, research and development and investment activities, as well as directing the national energy transformation to renewable energy sources, which may ultimately reduce the costs of pure hydrogen production. A number of actions have been taken, but the delay in legislative actions is slowing down the creation of the hydrogen market and is limiting the interest of private businesses in engaging in transformation activities.W dobie walki z ociepleniem klimatu i w świetle poszukiwań energii o jak najmniejszym wpływie na środowisko, zainteresowanie wodorem jest naturalnym kierunkiem wykorzystania i rozwoju. Dążąc do zeroemisyjnej Europy do 2050 roku, Unia promuje niskoemisyjny – a docelowo bezemisyjny wodór do jak najszerszego wykorzystania w gospodarce. Polska opracowała dokument strategiczny określający niezbędne działania wykorzystania wodoru w gospodarce, która powinna jednocześnie utrzymać swą konkurencyjność. Polska jest obecnie trzecim producentem wodoru w Unii Europejskiej, co pozwala na strategiczne myślenie o utrzymaniu w dłuższej perspektywie Polski w roli wiodącego gracza na rynku wodoru. Obecnie wodór w Polsce produkują (zwykle duże) przedsiębiorstwa skarbu państwa (państwowe), na własne potrzeby z niewielkim tylko marginesem jego odsprzedaży. Jest to wodór konwencjonalny (z gazu ziemnego). Trudno zatem mówić o rynku wodoru, a ten musi się rozwinąć, aby można było szeroko wykorzystywać ten surowiec w wielu gałęziach nowoczesnej gospodarki. Wymaga to jednak podjęcia szeregu działań legislacyjnych, badawczo-rozwojowych i inwestycyjnych, a także ukierunkowania transformacji energetycznej kraju na odnawialne źródła energii, które mogą docelowo obniżyć koszty produkcji czystego wodoru. Podjęto szereg działań, ale opóźnienie w działaniach legislacyjnych spowalnia tworzenie rynku wodoru oraz ogranicza zainteresowanie prywatnego biznesu w angażowanie się w działania transformacyjne

The use of alternative fuels in the cement industry as part of circular economy

The alternative waste fuels have a significant share in the fuel mix of the cement industry in Poland. The conditions inside cement kilns are favorable enough for environmentally-friendly use of waste fuels. In the article, the authors discuss the current situation concerning the use of alternative fuels in Poland, from difficult beginning in the 1990s to the present time, different kinds of fuels, and the amounts of used fuels. The use of fuels in Poland is presented against the global and EU consumption (including Central European countries and companies). The increased use of waste-derived fuels, from the level of about 1% at the end of the 1990s to the present level of about 70%, allowed for the limitation of waste storage, including avoidance of greenhouse gas emissions and consumption of conventional energy sources; those effects also contributed to the implementation of the sustainable development and circular economy conceptions. The experiences of the cement plants worldwide prove that the use of waste fuels is ecological and economical. The examples showed in the article confirm that cement plants are greatly interested in using waste fuels from waste, as they invest in the infrastructure allowing to store bigger amounts of waste and dose them more efficiently. Thus, the cement industry has become an important element of the country’s energy economy and waste management system

Use of alternative fuels in the Polish cement industry

Alternative fuels are made up of mixtures of different wastes, such as industrial, municipal and hazardous wastes. These fuels need to have an appropriate chemical energy content which depends on the type of components and their organic content. An industry that is particularly well suited to the employment of alternative fuels is the cement industry. There are a number of factors that promote the use of alternative fuels in cement kilns. Of these factors, the most notable are: the high temperatures developed, the appropriate kiln length, the long period of time the fuel stays inside the kiln and the alkaline environment inside the kiln. There are a number of countries that use their own alternative fuels in cement plants. These fuels have different trade names and they differ in the amounts and the quality of the selected municipal and industrial waste fractions used. The fuels used should fall within the extreme values of parameters such as: minimum heating value, maximum humidity content, and maximum content of heavy and toxic metals. Cement plants in Poland also use alternative fuels. Within the Lafarge Group, the cement plants owned by Lafarge Poland Ltd. have initiated activities directed at promoting the wider use of alternative fuels. There are a number of wastes that can be incinerated as fuel in cement plants. Some that can be mentioned are: selected combustible fractions of municipal wastes, liquid crude-oil derived wastes, car tyres, waste products derived from paint and varnish production, expired medicines from the pharmaceutical industry and others. The experience gained by the cement plants of Lafarge Cement Poland Ltd confirms that such activities are economically and ecologically beneficial. The incineration of alternative fuels in cement plants is a safe method for the utilisation of waste that is ecologically friendly and profitable for the industrial plants and society alike.Alternative fuel Municipal and industrial waste Cement plants

The analysis of the wind potential in selected locations in the southeastern Poland

This paper shows the results of analysis of the wind potential in selected locations in the southern Poland (placed in the Małopolskie, Świętokrzyskie and Podkarpackie Voivodships). The measurements and analysis of the wind resources in potential locations of the wind turbines are important part of the investment process. The statistical analysis involves the creation of histograms (e.g. histogram of the wind speed and direction) and fitting those histograms to theoretical distributions (e.g. Weilbull distributions of wind speed). Such analysis has been described and conducted using measurement data for four selected locations. Basis on the conducted analysis, the economy efficiency and environmental impact of wind turbine operation has been estimated. Three market available wind turbines have been included to calculate NPV, IRR and SPBT indicators. Then, the avoided emissions of CO2, NOx, SO2 and dust have been calculated. There were also conducted some calculation using TRNSYS simulation software. The results of simulations have been compared with measurement data and the level of convergence have been found

Use of alternative fuels in the Polish cement industry

Abstract Alternative fuels are made up of mixtures of different wastes, such as industrial, municipal and hazardous wastes. These fuels need to have an appropriate chemical energy content which depends on the type of components and their organic content. An industry that is particularly well suited to the employment of alternative fuels is the cement industry. There are a number of factors that promote the use of alternative fuels in cement kilns. Of these factors, the most notable are: the high temperatures developed, the appropriate kiln length, the long period of time the fuel stays inside the kiln and the alkaline environment inside the kiln. There are a number of countries that use their own alternative fuels in cement plants. These fuels have different trade names and they differ in the amounts and the quality of the selected municipal and industrial waste fractions used. The fuels used should fall within the extreme values of parameters such as: minimum heating value, maximum humidity content, and maximum content of heavy and toxic metals. Cement plants in Poland also use alternative fuels. Within the Lafarge Group, the cement plants owned by Lafarge Poland Ltd. have initiated activities directed at promoting the wider use of alternative fuels. There are a number of wastes that can be incinerated as fuel in cement plants. Some that can be mentioned are: selected combustible fractions of municipal wastes, liquid crude-oil derived wastes, car tyres, waste products derived from paint and varnish production, expired medicines from the pharmaceutical industry and others. The experience gained by the cement plants of Lafarge Cement Poland Ltd confirms that such activities are economically and ecologically beneficial. The incineration of alternative fuels in cement plants is a safe method for the utilisation of waste that is ecologically friendly and profitable for the industrial plants and society alike.