Feed production for sustainable aquaculture: A Bibliometric Network Analysis

In recent years, aquaculture has played a fundamental role in human nutrition and livestock for the ability to produce different animal and vegetable protein and lipid sources essential for human and animal health. However, the growing increase in aquaculture has led to a greater demand for ingredients composing feed for aquatic organisms, many of which are derived from wild fish making the aquatic feed production an unsustainable process. For this reason, the aquaculture sector has expanded experimentation to search for alternative ingredients to reduce environmental impact. This study explored the global scientific literature on sustainable aquaculture with particular reference to feeding using VOSviewer software, which allows for generating, visualizing, and exploring maps based on bibliometric network data. The results allowed a comprehensive overview of the scientific literature on sustainable aquaculture through network maps displaying the relationships among keywords, authors, countries, and journals. In detail, this paper highlighted that in the last years, particularly in recent decades, the research widely focused attention on different aspects of the sustainable aquaculture field. The first journal that researched sustainable aquaculture was the Aquaculture Journal, and the leading countries that pursued this type of research were the USA, UK, and China. Concerning the co-occurrence, the top keywords were aquaculture, sustainability, animals, nonhuman, and sustainable development, highlighting a growing interest in research on microalgae, diet, fishmeal, and climate change. The description of the current state of the art in sustainable aquaculture reported in this article highlighted that the combined use of social network analysis and bibliometrics allows exploring the development of research in specific fields of science and lays the foundations for delving into questions that have not yet been sufficiently investigated

Towards sustainable aquaculture systems: Biological and environmental impact of replacing fishmeal with Arthrospira platensis (Nordstedt) (spirulina)

Sustainable fish food production is crucial for aquaculture. Microalgae, such as spirulina (Arthrospira platensis), can supplement diet antioxidants or replace expensive fishmeal with high-quality proteins. In this study, we tested fish growth and wellbeing by feeding fish on a diet in which 5% of fishmeal was replaced by spirulina (SP5 diet). The low level of spirulina in the diet was intended as supplementation and was effective in ameliorating the redox state of a model fish species (juvenile Koi Carp, Cyprinus carpio L.) in a preliminary lab protocol in a six-week trial. When compared with both the control diet (no Spirulina) and a diet containing 30% spirulina replacing fishmeal (SP30 diet), SP5 was able to reduce the muscle levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative damage, and susceptibility to oxidative stress, while increasing glutathione reductase and peroxidase activity. However, high production costs and impacts still limit the use of spirulina in fish diet. Recent studies focused on growing spirulina on urban or agro-industrial wastewater, with appropriate profiles for the alga growth. Therefore, in a circular economy context, a possibility still to be tested and exploited is feeding farmed fish with spirulina produced on output wastewater recirculated back from the same farming plant. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was applied to estimate the sustainability of such “circular” fish farming. The LCA ReCiPe Midpoint (H) impact assessment method was used. Firstly, the LCA environmental impacts associated with the production of spirulina grown on aquaculture wastewater as well as on the standard culture medium (Zarrouk medium) were assessed and compared by means of a “gate to gate” analysis. Then, the LCA impacts of an SP5 diet for fish, in which spirulina grown on aquaculture wastewater was used to replace 5% fishmeal (SP5ww), were compared to the diet containing spirulina grown on a standard medium (SP5st) and that one without spirulina (control diet). Results indicated that SP5ww was significantly less impacting, by avoiding the treatment and disposal of wastewater and the need for the highly impacting standard culture medium. In conclusion, the proposed approach for using spirulina in aquaculture represents a valid solution for aquaculture circular economy scenario while at the same time improving fish welfare

Anatomia Umana

Testo di anatomia Umana per Lauree Sanitarie e Scienze Motori

The Italian Unitary Society of Colon-proctology (SIUCP: Società Italiana Unitaria di Colonproctologia) guidelines for the management of anal fissure

Abstract Introduction The aim of these evidence-based guidelines is to present a consensus position from members of the Italian Unitary Society of Colon-Proctology (SIUCP: Società Italiana Unitaria di Colon-Proctologia) on the diagnosis and management of anal fissure, with the purpose to guide every physician in the choice of the best treatment option, according with the available literature. Methods A panel of experts was designed and charged by the Board of the SIUCP to develop key-questions on the main topics covering the management of anal fissure and to performe an accurate search on each topic in different databanks, in order to provide evidence-based answers to the questions and to summarize them in statements. All the clinical questions were discussed by the expert panel in different rounds through the Delphi approach and, for each statement, a consensus among the experts was reached. The questions were created according to the PICO criteria, and the statements developed adopting the GRADE methodology. Conclusions In patients with acute anal fissure the medical therapy with dietary and behavioral norms is indicated. In the chronic phase of disease, the conservative treatment with topical 0.3% nifedipine plus 1.5% lidocaine or nitrates may represent the first-line therapy, eventually associated with ointments with film-forming, anti-inflammatory and healing properties such as Propionibacterium extract gel. In case of first-line treatment failure, the surgical strategy (internal sphincterotomy or fissurectomy with flap), may be guided by the clinical findings, eventually supported by endoanal ultrasound and anal manometry