Characteristics of 25–65 year-old subjects included in the study (n = 16,011), according to smoking status.

<p>Figures are numbers (percentages of that characteristic in each smoking status group) unless stated otherwise.</p

Multivariate associations between smoking status and HRQoL (SF-36 scales), stratified by gender and age group.

<p>The never smoker group is used as the reference.</p><p>Model A: estimates (95% confidence interval) adjusted for socioeconomic variables (education, occupation, and income); Model B: estimates (95% confidence interval) adjusted for socioeconomic variables and CESD score; Model C: estimates (95% confidence interval) adjusted for socioeconomic variables, CESD, BMI, co-intoxication and comorbidities. For the sake of readability, only significant associations are reported in the table.</p

Overview of the analysis of thresholds in the relationships between the quantity of smoking and HRQoL in current daily smokers.

<p>Thresholds and estimates of effects*.</p><p>* Estimates adjusted for socioeconomic variables, CESD, BMI, co-intoxication and comorbidities.</p><p>** Threshold (estimate of effect) is shown; here for example, a man aged 25–44 loses 0.02SDS of physical functioning per cigarette smoked above 5 cig./day.</p><p>*** There are two thresholds, with a plateau effect at the second threshold; here for example a man aged 25–44 gains 0.22 SDS for the bodily pain score per cigarette smoked up to 5 per day, <i>plus</i> loses 0.22 SDS per cigarette smoked above 5 cig./day.</p

Patterns of relationships found in this study.

<p>Women, positive associations.</p

Evolution of proportion of tested women, HIV-positive and treated by Nevirapine (Sd-NVP) and Nevirapine Coverage Ratio (NCR) by semester (N = 64 programs).

<p>Viramune Donation Programme, sub-Saharan Africa, 2001–2011 (results are expressed in percentages).</p

Results over the study period of antenatal voluntary counselling and testing, NVP access and Nevirapine coverage ratio (NCR) for the NVP-based programs according to African regions, responsible institutions, number of PMTCT sites and (N = 64 programs).

<p>Viramune Donation Programme, sub-Saharan Africa, 2001–2011 (results are expressed in percentages, except for NCR). SD = standard deviation. NGOs: non-governmental organisations, IAs: international agencies; sd-NVP: single-dose nevirapine; NCR: observed number of women receiving NVP divided by number of women who should have received NVP (number of women in ANC visits x observed HIV seroprevalence).</p><p>*of those tested</p><p>^†of those HIV+ counselled.</p><p>Results over the study period of antenatal voluntary counselling and testing, NVP access and Nevirapine coverage ratio (NCR) for the NVP-based programs according to African regions, responsible institutions, number of PMTCT sites and (N = 64 programs).</p

Number of programs, countries, responsible institutions, number of women attended in ante-natal clinics and PMTCT sites and median follow-up of the 64 programs included in the Viramune Donation Programme, sub-Saharan Africa, 2000–2011.

<p>Govt: governments. IA: international agencies. NGOs: non-governmental organizations. ANC: Ante Natal Clinic. CDR: Congo Democratic Republic. CAR: Central African Republic.</p><p>Number of programs, countries, responsible institutions, number of women attended in ante-natal clinics and PMTCT sites and median follow-up of the 64 programs included in the Viramune Donation Programme, sub-Saharan Africa, 2000–2011.</p

Mixed linear regression analysis of predictive factors associated to the Nevirapine Coverage Ratio (NCR).

<p>NCR: observed number of women receiving NVP divided by number of women who should have received NVP (number of women in ANC visits x observed HIV seroprevalence); ß coefficients and their 95% confidence intervals indicating the difference in NCR (0–100)</p><p>Viramune Donation Programme, sub-Saharan Africa, 2001–2011 (N = 64 programs) (results are expressed in percentages).</p

Aging-Related Systemic Manifestations in COPD Patients and Cigarette Smokers

<div><p>Rationale</p><p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is often associated with age-related systemic abnormalities that adversely affect the prognosis. Whether these manifestations are linked to the lung alterations or are independent complications of smoking remains unclear.</p><p>Objectives</p><p>To look for aging-related systemic manifestations and telomere shortening in COPD patients and smokers with minor lung destruction responsible for a decline in the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DL_CO) corrected for alveolar volume (K_CO).</p><p>Methods</p><p>Cross-sectional study in 301 individuals (100 with COPD, 100 smokers without COPD, and 101 nonsmokers without COPD).</p><p>Measurements and Main Results</p><p>Compared to control smokers, patients with COPD had higher aortic pulse-wave velocity (PWV), lower bone mineral density (BMD) and appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMMI), and shorter telomere length (TL). Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were similar between control smokers and COPD patients. Smokers did not differ from nonsmokers for any of these parameters. However, smokers with normal spirometry but low K_CO had lower ASMMI values compared to those with normal K_CO. Moreover, female smokers with low K_CO, had lower BMD and shorter TL compared to those with normal K_CO.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Aging-related abnormalities in patients with COPD are also found in smokers with minor lung dysfunction manifesting as a K_CO decrease. Decreased K_CO might be useful, particularly among women, for identifying smokers at high risk for aging-related systemic manifestations and telomere shortening.</p></div

Characteristics of the study patients.

<p><i>Definition of abbreviations</i>: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; % predicted, percentage of the predicted value; BMI, body mass index; MAP, mean arterial pressure; K_CO, transfer factor coefficient of the lung for carbon monoxide; SpO₂, oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry.</p><p>Data are median [interquartile range] unless stated otherwise.</p><p>†<i>P</i> value by Chi-square test, Fisher exact test, or nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test, as appropriate, comparing the three populations (COPD patients, control smokers, and nonsmokers).</p><p>Characteristics of the study patients.</p