MARINE PROTECTED AREA NETWORK DESIGN: CASE STUDY OF MALUKU PROVINCE

Since 2014, the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries has started to initate the development of MPA Network in several provinces in Indonesia. The objective of this study is to provide scientific recommendations to the government and stakeholders on MPA Network design that maximizes the ecological functions, protects critical marine habitats and maintains fisheries stocks. Multi-stages spatial analysis and larva connectivity modelling using the best available data in a provincial level were applied. Until December 2015, Maluku Province had seven MPAs with a total of 288,414 ha. Based on spatial analysis, those MPAs had good Replication of critical habitats, but low Representation of critical habitats (3,8% from 20% of ideal representation percentage) that were protected within MPAs. Besides that, only five out of seven MPAs that were connected, i.e. the distance between MPAs is less than 100 km, meanwhile the other two MPAs were isolated from other MPAs. Maluku Province also had several nodes of strong larva connectivity values. This study demonstates the potential to develop an MPA Network in Maluku Province under these several considerations: (1) build new MPAs in several locations such as Buru Island, Maluku Barat Daya, Aru Islands, etc. (2) enlarge the existing MPAs, especially the small size MPAs, and (3) strengthen the roles and functions of management bodies in each MPA and promote an integrated management plan development with all MPA management bodies. Keywords MPA Network, Maluku Province, 3K (Representation, Replication and Connectivity), Larva Connectivit

IDENTIFICATION OF CONSERVATION PRIORITY LOCATION IN INDONESIA BASED ON LAND-SEA CONNECTIVITY

The environment quality around those rivers and canals will affect the health of the coastal ecosystem and biota living in it. Empirically, there is an ecological connection between ecosystem in coastal areas and between coastal areas to the mainland and the high seas. Therefore, marine spatial planning should consider any change on landscape upstream. The aim of this study was to define new locations which have high conservation value based on connectivity between terrestrial and marine. The method used in this study was spatial analysis using systematic conservation planning approach with Marxan as the decision support tool. Marxan works based on scenarios developed by spatial planner. This study was using two primary scenarios: first, consider the existing protected areas; second did not consider the existing protected areas (PAs) to identify the gaps between new priority locations and the existing PAs. The data used in this study were basic spatial data, ecological data, and biodiversity data from various sources. The study area were all islands of Indonesia, devided into seven clusters. Based on those two scenarios, the result of the study shows that there are 108 locations in Indonesia which identified as areas which have high conservation value and also hold potential land-sea connection at once, inside and outside existing protected areas. Based on this study, if in the future the stakeholder have plans to do intervention in those areas primary in conservation field, those identified locations could be considered as new areas. Keywords Spatial analysis, Marxan, Conservation, Connectivity, Land-se

DETERMINING ZONES OF NINE MARINE PROTECTED AREA IN SULAWESI TENGGARA PROVINCE

Southeast Sulawesi Province is part of Sunda Banda Seascape and occupies the area of Coral Triangle that has high biodiversity. One of the way to protect areas of high ecological value is by establishing a Marine Protected Area (MPA). According to Goverment Regulation No. 60/2007 section 17. The purpose of this study is to find potential areas to be recommended as core zones, utilization zones and sustainable fisheries zones or other zones. Marxan analysis is a tool used to identify potential sites for the placement of core zones and utilization zones. The target of conserving this location is to protect the habitat of coral reefs, seagrass and mangrove. The proportions of targets used in the Marxan scenario for all three habitats are 30%, 40% and 50%.  Result of nine MPAs zonation analysis in Southeast Sulawesi recommendations such as: core zone of MPA Muna Barat is 8% and 13% and utilization zone is 12%; Core zone in MPA Bombana is 8.6% and 5.7% meanwhile the utilization zone of 4.6% and 7.5%; Core zone in MPA Kolaka is Kolaka 10% and 6% moreover utilization zone 7%; Core zone of MPA Central Buton is 3% and 2% while utilization zone 9%; Core zone of MPA South Buton while utilization zone of 6.4% and 6.2%; Core zone of MPA Muna is 10% and 7% besides, utilization zone 8,5% and 23%; Core zone MPA North Kolaka is 4% and 7% while utilization zone is 4% and 49%; core zone MPA Buton is 2.5% and 3% while the utilization zones are 2.5% and 2.6%. Keywords Sunda Banda Seascape, Marxan, coral triangl

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE WAKATOBI NATIONAL PARK ZONATION SYSTEM AND DYNAMICS OF CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEM CONDITION

The zonation can be evaluated by observing changes in ecosystem and social status in Wakatobi National Park (Taman Nasional Wakatobi – TNW). Coral reef ecosystem is one of the parameters indicating the effectiveness of zonation system. This study grouped TNW zones into No Take Zone (NTZ – area larang ambil; ZI, ZPB, ZPr) and use zone (UZ – area pemanfaatan; ZPL, ZPU) to determine impact of zonation implementation between 2009 – 2016 on coral reef ecosystem. Three parameters (benthic coverage, fish abundance and fish biomass) were determined by Point Intercept Transect (PIT) and underwater visual census (UVC) methods and all of these data were tested using two-way ANOVA. Hard coral coverage fluctuated between 19 – 32% however, NTZ and UZ had no significant hard coral cover differences (F=2,182, df=1, P=0,14). Abundance of carnivour fish (F=0,53, df=1, P=0,46) and herbivour fish (F=1,98, df=1, P=0,17) were similar between those two zones. Fish bombing and poisoning were two major threats until 2007. However, sand mining and waste management has overcome two previous major threats by 2017. Zonation system and its implementation can be one of mangement effectiveness indicators. Support Wakatobi National Park Authority, it is recommended to apply harvest control rules (HCR), regular patrol and monitoring and stakeholders capacity buiding. Keywords Benthic cover; fish abundance; fish biomas