Linear model of convergence adapted from [20]–[22],[65].

<p>Linear model of convergence adapted from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0082609#pone.0082609-vonDelft1" target="_blank">[20]</a>–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0082609#pone.0082609-Curran1" target="_blank">[22]</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0082609#pone.0082609-Curran2" target="_blank">[65]</a>.</p

Predominant CPC groups in MN patent literature.

<p>Predominant CPC groups in MN patent literature.</p

Food-Pharma dominates the domain convergence in MN - Selection of top 5 converging domains from 1989 up to 2013 in MN.

<p>Food-Pharma dominates the domain convergence in MN - Selection of top 5 converging domains from 1989 up to 2013 in MN.</p

Research framework.

<p>Research framework.</p

Knowledge diffusion within the MN industry - Network of the main patents (coded company, patent number - application year).

<p>Visualization presents the backward citing between main patents of MN companies. This network visualizes those patents that are linked. Symbols indicate the 5 MN companies; The direction of the arrow indicates the cited patent.</p

Grouping of the technology pairs in the MN industry, Network graph of bidirectional and unidirectional impact within the MN industry (1984–2013).

<p>Grouping of the technology pairs in the MN industry, Network graph of bidirectional and unidirectional impact within the MN industry (1984–2013).</p

Categorization of MN industry convergence, adapted from [64].

<p>Categorization of MN industry convergence, adapted from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0082609#pone.0082609-Pennings1" target="_blank">[64]</a>.</p

Front end of innovation activities in converging industries.

<p>Adapted from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0082609#pone.0082609-Brring1" target="_blank">[26]</a>.</p

Table summarizing calculations of phase duration and transition probabilities for selected vaccine target disease areas.

a<p>+ Projects do not transition from clinical trial phase III to regulatory submission phase;</p>b<p>++ Projects do not transition from clinical trials phase II to clinical trial Phase III;</p>c<p>Standard deviation/year;</p>d<p>95% Confidence Interval for the mean duration/year;</p>e<p>Merger and acquisition, deals in US$ Million since 2004.</p

Vaccine risk profiles for selected disease areas.

<p>Risk profiles for the selected disease areas, combining phase duration with the cumulative transition probabilities as indicated by market entry probabilities. Rank order indicates quantity of projects in data set. Data points are labelled on the All Data curve; this labelling also applies to the other curves.</p