The Formation, Structure, and Stability of a Shear Layer in a Fluid with Temperature-Dependent Viscosity

The presence of viscosity normally has a stabilizing effect on the flow of a fluid. However, experiments show that the flow of a fluid might form shear bands or shear layers, narrow bands in which the velocity of the fluid changes sharply. In general, adiabatic shear layers are observed not only in fluids but also in thermo-plastic materials subject to shear at a high-strain rate and in combustion. Therefore there is widespread interest in modeling the formation of shear layers. In this paper we investigate the basic system of conservation laws for a one-dimensional flow with temperature-dependent viscosity using a combination of analytical and numerical tools. We present results to substantiate the claim that the formation of shear layers is due to teh fact that viscosity decreases sufficiently quickly as temperature increases and analyze the structure and stability properties of the layers

The Legislative Process and the Rule of Law: Attempts to Legislate Taste in Moral and Political Beliefs

In a nutshell, the topic of this paper is Comstockery and the Bowdlerizing of Ideas. The thesis here asserted is that the Rule of Law is violated when legislatures succumb to modern attempts by the often pathologically-motivated zealot legally to freeze current tastes in moral and political beliefs. The relationship between taste statutes and the seemingly esoteric topic, The Legislative Process and the Rule of Law, is based on the premise that the maximum possible degree of intellectual freedom for each individual is an essential ingredient in the legal system of a civilized society

Federal Control of Health and Safety Standards in Peacetime Private Atomic Energy Activities

This article is directed to the question of the power of Congress to provide for such regulation of those who handle radioactive materials in private industry and not to the policy question of whether Congress ought to attempt such regulation

Introduction: Legislative, Administrative, and Judicial Nonscience

This symposium deals with the legal issues, or rather some of them, that are created by scientific research. Anyone remotely interested in scientific developments should be aware that even the existence of new scientific facts, let alone the application of such discoveries to everyday activities, gives rise to a host of human value judgments that should be faced and resolved by society. Although these problems are often left in purgatory forever, it is the legal system, broadly defined, that attempts to resolve the conflict of interests (or the balancing of values) when a decision is made. Making this type of balancing of values judgments is the overriding-or perhaps even sole-function of the legal system. This is true whether we act through administrative regulations, legislative enactments, or judicial decisions

Radiation Injuries and Statistics: The Need for a New Approach to Injury Litigation

The emphasis given by the mass media of communication to some of the dramatic problems arising from the use of nuclear energy unfortunately has diverted attention from some of the matters about which something can be done by lawyers, administrators, and legislators without the necessity of complicated international negotiations between various parties to the Cold War. The headlines leave the uninformed, and perhaps often also the informed, public with the impression that even for radiation injuries the important problems all deal with such questions as: (1) Will only a few or many millions of people survive an all-out nuclear war? (2) Will the fallout from nuclear weapons testing cause no, a few, or hundreds of thousands of cases of leukemia and similar diseases among the populations of the world

Perceptions of Wood Product Supply and Demand for Affordable Building and Green Construction Markets

Decreased housing starts between 2005 and 2012 have caused decreased demand for wood-based products such as flooring, cabinetry, and moulding produced from Appalachian hardwoods. However, there may be opportunities to increase demand for these products as demand in the green building sector increases within the United States. Due to this increased demand in green building, wood product manufacturers are presented with an opportunity to further diversify their sales portfolios. The overall goal of this research was to identify wood product opportunities within the affordable and green building industries. Through surveying techniques and spatial analysis of existing commercial green building projects, opportunities have been identified to increase the use of wood products in the green building sector.;Survey results from builder respondents, in the affordable housing sector of the Appalachian region, have indicated a preference for following green building standards as well as the use of certified wood products (CWPs) in their construction projects. Respondents indicated a higher willingness-to-pay for local and certified wood products and that the environmental attributes of CWPs was the most indicated reason for their use. Additionally, respondents chose local retailers, websites, and magazines as the top media for marketing communications used to learn about new wood products.;Commercial LEED certified projects constructed between 2000 and 2013, which obtained the certified wood credit, were analyzed and determined to have an increasingly clustered growth pattern. This result indicated that new commercial LEED certified projects, that obtain the certified wood credit, will likely be located near these existing projects. Furthermore, statistically significant groupings of commercial green building projects, called Hot Spots (based on the number of projects in a given area), were found primarily near large urban areas. These Hot Spots may further indicate specific future markets for wood products manufacturers. The same analysis was used to analyze these projects in the Appalachian region. Results indicated two Hot Spot areas: Pittsburgh, PA and Greenville, SC.;Specifier perceptions of commercial LEED certified projects in the two Hot Spot areas indicated that respondents generally had a positive perception towards wood-based building materials and felt wood offers the environmental and physical attributes needed in green building practices. Specifiers also felt that the main barrier to wood use in commercial green building projects lie in the building type and building code restrictions. Additionally, respondents felt the green building market would continue to grow and were interested in increasing the use of structural wood-based products such as cross laminated timbers (CLTs).;Manufacturers in the Appalachian region also felt, in general, that the green building market would continue to grow but are doing little to specifically target this sector with their current marketing approaches either due to lack of interest in pursuing this market or lack of knowing the right people to approach. Also, manufacturers, in general, felt the environmental certification of wood products was unnecessary. The difference in perceptions of wood product certification differs from builder and specifier responses in this study and may indicate an opportunity for increase wood product sales. Additionally, manufacturers indicated low efforts, in general, toward marketing their products and placed little value on websites and ads in printed materials. Builders and specifiers however, often looked to these same media for marketing communications to learn about new and existing wood products.;Material specifiers for both affordable housing and commercial green building projects have indicated preferences for using certified wood products and prefer the environmental friendliness of the material when compared to alternative materials such as metal or concrete. These specifiers along with wood product manufacturers agree that the green building market will continue to grow. To meet the need and preferences of material specifiers, manufacturers interested in pursuing this growing market are encouraged to include the environmental attributes of their wood products. Adding technical data such as a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) will further substantiate the claim of lower environmental impact when compared to other materials. Additionally, manufactures are encouraged to supply marketing and promotional materials such as up-to-date websites, advertisements in trade magazines, and information to local retailers, as these are common media for marketing communications for specifiers to use when learning about new products

BANKRUPTCY--SIX MONTHS RULE--APPLICATION OF THE RULE TO PRIVATE CORPORATIONS

The debtor, being reorganized under chapter 10 of the Bankruptcy Act, was a hotel corporation which owned and operated a hotel in Albany. The reorganization plan which was approved below is being challenged for the reason, among others, that the plan gives preference to certain unsecured creditors. These creditors had furnished supplies to the hotel for a short time before the receiver was appointed in the foreclosure suit which precipitated the bankruptcy proceeding. The trustee allowed the priority on the ground that the supplies were necessary to keep the hotel a going concern and that the six months rule, applicable to railroads and other public service companies, applied. Held, in so far as the supplies were furnished within six months of the receivership and so far as they were necessary to keep the hotel open, they were proper preferred claims. Dudley v. Mealey, (C.C.A. 2d, 1945) 147 F. (2d) 268

TORTS-DAMAGES FROM SHOCK-LIABILITY FOR MENTAL INJURY CAUSED BY DEFENDANT\u27S SUICIDE IN PLAINTIFF\u27S HOME

Decedent was the close neighbor of the plaintiff and her husband. While they were absent from home, decedent, at that time a guest in the home, committed suicide in plaintiff\u27s kitchen. When plaintiff opened the door she saw the body, and started to fall but was caught by her husband. A physician to whom she was taken pronounced her condition as one of shock. Subsequently she was restless, nervous and found difficulty in sleeping. She now sues the estate of decedent for damages resulting from what she alleges was the willful act of decedent. The trial court gave a directed verdict for defendant on the ground that the cause of action did not arise before decedent\u27s death and, therefore, there could be no action against the estate under the survival statue. Held: For purposes of the survival statute the cause of action arose before, and survived, decedent\u27s death; therefore, the jury must decide if decedent\u27s act was willful, since if it was, there can be recovery for mental injury caused by fright, even in the absence of other physical injury. Blakeley v. Shortal\u27s Estate, (Iowa 1945) 20 N.W. (2d) 28 (1945)