Efeito dos modos de transferência e da composição de gás de protecção na emissão de partículas ultrafinas na soldadura MAG de aços

The present study aims to characterize ultrafine particles emitted during gas metal arc welding of mild steel and stainless steel, using different shielding gas mixtures, and to evaluate the effect of metal transfer modes, controlled by both processing parameters and shielding gas composition, on the quantity and morphology of the ultrafine particles. It was found that the amount of emitted ultrafine particles (measured by particle number and alveolar deposited surface area) are clearly dependent from the main welding parameters, namely the current intensity and the heat input of the Welding process. The emission of airborne ultrafine particles increases with the current intensity as fume formation rate does. When comparing the shielding gas mixtures, higher emissions were observed for more oxidizing mixtures, that is, with higher CO2 content, which means that these mixtures originate higher concentrations of ultrafine particles (as measured by number of particles. by cubic centimeter of air) and higher values of alveolar deposited surface area of particles, thus resulting in a more hazardous condition regarding welders exposure

Effects of aeration or water soluble carbohydrates on sugarcane silage

Foi objetivo do presente estudo avaliar os efeitos do tempo de aeração ou do teor de carboidratos solúveis sobre as características nutricionais e fermentativas da silagem de cana-de-açúcar. Para tal foram realizados dois experimentos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 3 tratamentos e quatro repetições por tratamento, utilizando-se 12 silos experimentais, confeccionados a partir de baldes plásticos com 6 litros de capacidade. O primeiro ensaio contou com três tratamentos correspondentes aos diferentes tempos de aeração (0, 4 e 8h). No segundo ensaio a cana-de-açúcar passou por moagem, para a retirada do caldo. No primeiro tratamento, todo o caldo retirado foi retornado à cana (100%). No segundo tratamento, apenas 50% do caldo foi retornado à cana, com 50% de água. No terceiro, 100% de água foi adicionada, sem a adição do caldo. Os silos foram abertos após 85 dias de ensilagem, ocasião em que foram determinados os teores dos ácidos orgânicos, estabilidade aeróbia e a composição químico-bromatológica das silagens. No primeiro ensaio observou-se desvio da linearidade (P<0,05) do tempo de aeração sobre os teores de matéria seca. Efeito linear (P<0,05) crescente foi observado sobre os teores de fibra detergente ácido, fibra detergente neutro e carboidratos solúveis, porém decrescente para a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca. Sobre os teores de ácidos orgânicos, observou-se desvio da linearidade sobre o ácido acético e comportamento linear (P<0,05) decrescente para o ácido lático e butírico, bem como para os valores de pH. Os valores de etanol observados foram em torno de 22% da MS, apesar de considerados elevados, independente do tempo de aeração, esses valores não foram significativos. A estabilidade aeróbia da silagem piorou com o aumento do tempo de aeração. No segundo ensaio observou-se efeito linear (P<0,05) decrescente do conteúdo de carboidratos sobre os teores de matéria seca, o mesmo ocorrendo para carboidratos solúveis e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca. Foi observado aumento linear (P<0,05) nos teores de fibra detergente ácido, fibra detergente neutro e lignina. Observou-se efeito linear (P<0,05) decrescente para o etanol, ácido lático, butírico e perdas de matéria seca. Efeito linear (P<0,05) crescente foi observado sobre as concentrações de ácido acético, valores de pH e nitrogênio amoniacal. Os dados de estabilidade aeróbia foram inconclusivos. A produção de etanol seria nula se a cana-de-açúcar contivesse apenas 12,4% de carboidratos solúveis com base na matéria seca.This trial aimed at evaluating the effects of aeration time or contents of water-soluble carbohydrate on nutritive value and other fermentative characteristics of sugarcane silage.Two experiments was used in a completely randomized design with three treatments and four repetitions per treatment, the material was ensiled in 12 laboratory silos (6 liter-capacity plastic buckets). In experiment I fresh chopped sugarcane was exposed to aeration for 0, 4 or 8 hours, and ensiled soon after. In experiment II sugarcane was squeezed in order to remove juice. In the first treatment, juice was totally added back to sugarcane (100%). In the second treatment, only 50% of the juice were added back to sugarcane, along with 50% of water. In the third, 100% of water were added, with no addition of juice. Silos were opened 85 days after ensiling, when organic acids contents and chemical composition of silages were determined. In first experiment deviation of linearity (P<0.05) was observed for aeration time on dry matter content. Positive linear effect was observed (P<0.05) on ADF, NDF and soluble carbohydrates content, but negative for in vitro digestibility of dry matter. For organic acids content, deviation of linearity (P<0,05) was observed on acetic acid, with the lowest content (1.5% of DM) observed after 8 hours of aeration, and negative linear effect (P<0,05)was observed for lactic and butyric acids, as well as for pH values. There were no effects on ethanol concentration, which remained very high (22% of DM), independent on the aeration time. Aerobic stability of silage worsened with the increase of aeration time. In second experiment, withdrawal of sugarcane WSC resulted in negative linear effects (P<0,05) on dry matter, soluble carbohydrate contents and on in vitro digestibility of dry matter, but with linear increase for ADF, NDF and lignin contents. About fermentation data, there was linear decrease for dry matter losses, lactic and butyric acids and ethanol contents. Positive linear effects (P,0,05) were observed on pH values and ammoniacal nitrogen and acetic acid contents. Data from aerobic stability were inconclusive Ethanol production would be null if sugarcane had only 12.4% of water-soluble carbohydrates on dry matter basis

Effects of aeration on characteristics of sugarcane silage

No presente estudo, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do tempo de aeração sobre as características nutricionais e fermentativas da silagem de cana-de-açúcar. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos e quatro repetições. A cana-de-açúcar recém-picada foi exposta à aeração por 0, 4 ou 8 horas, sendo ensilada somente após cada tempo de espera. Após a exposição, o material foi ensilado em 12 silos experimentais confeccionados de baldes plásticos. A abertura dos silos ocorreu 85 dias após a ensilagem. Foram determinados os teores dos ácidos orgânicos e a composição químico-bromatológica das silagens. Foi observado desvio da linearidade (p < 0,05) do tempo de aeração sobre os teores de matéria seca e efeito linear crescente (p < 0,05) sobre os teores de FDA, FDN e carboidratos solúveis, mas decrescente para a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca. Para os teores de ácidos orgânicos, observou-se desvio da linearidade sobre o ácido acético e comportamento linear (p < 0,05) decrescente para o ácido lático e butírico, bem como para os valores de pH. Não foram observados efeitos sobre os valores de etanol, que se apresentou bastante alto (22% da MS) independentemente do tempo de aeração. A estabilidade aeróbia da silagem piorou com o aumento do tempo de aeraçãoThis trial aimed at evaluating the deleterious effects of aeration time on nutritive value and other fermentative characteristics of sugarcane silage. A completely randomized design was used with three treatments and four repetitions per treatment. Fresh chopped sugarcane was exposed to aeration for 0, 4 or 8 hours, and ensiled soon after. After exposure, the material was ensiled in 12 laboratory silos (plastic buckets). Silos were opened 85 days after ensiling, when organic acids contents and chemical composition of silages were determined. Deviation of linearity (p < 0.05) was observed for aeration time on dry matter. A positive linear effect was observed (p < 0.05) on ADF, NDF and soluble carbohydrates content, but negative for ammoniacal nitrogen content and in vitro digestibility of dry matter. For organic acids content, deviation of linearity was observed on acetic acid, with the lowest content (1.5% of DM) observed after 8 hours of aeration, and a negative linear effect was observed for lactic and butyric acids, as well as for pH values. There were no effects on ethanol concentration, which remained very high (22% of DM), regardless of aeration time. Aerobic stability of silage worsened with the increase in aeration time

Lalinet Network Status

LALINET (Latin American Lidar Network) follows its goal to consolidation as a federative lidar network to provide regional coverage over Latin America in providing aerosol and greenhouse gas profiles following QA/QC protocols and promoting the development of researchers and students in atmopheric science field. We show recent results on different approaches for studying the optical properties of the atmosphere regarding aerosols at tropospheric and stratospheric level and greenhouse gas mixing ratio profiles followed by our recent support and validation efforts towards present and future satellite missions

Lalinet Network Status

LALINET (Latin American Lidar Network) follows its goal to consolidation as a federative lidar network to provide regional coverage over Latin America in providing aerosol and greenhouse gas profiles following QA/QC protocols and promoting the development of researchers and students in atmopheric science field. We show recent results on different approaches for studying the optical properties of the atmosphere regarding aerosols at tropospheric and stratospheric level and greenhouse gas mixing ratio profiles followed by our recent support and validation efforts towards present and future satellite missions

Efeito da inclusão de polpa cítrica peletizada na confecção de silagem de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum.) Effect of pelleted citrus pulp inclusion on elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum.) ensiling

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar os efeitos da idade de corte do capim-elefante cv. Napier (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) e da inclusão da polpa sobre a qualidade fermentativa e a estabilidade aeróbia da silagem, além de elaborar um índice de recomendação da inclusão de polpa cítrica, em função do teor de umidade do capim, para reduzir os custos com esta tecnologia. Foram confeccionados silos de laboratório (capacidade de 6 litros) e testados 20 tratamentos (quatro repetições), correspondentes a cinco idades de crescimento do capim (40, 60, 80, 100 ou 120 dias após corte de nivelamento) e quatro níveis de inclusão de polpa cítrica peletizada (0, 3, 6 ou 9%, com base na matéria natural do capim), em arranjo fatorial 5 x 4. Houve efeito da interação idade de corte &times; nível de polpa sobre as concentrações de ácidos acético, propiônico, butírico e lático, a relação lático/acético, o pH, o nitrogênio amoniacal e a temperatura máxima, mas não para a concentração de álcool, a digestibilidade in vitro da MS, o tempo para atingir a temperatura máxima, a taxa para elevação da temperatura e o tempo para elevação da temperatura em 2ºC. A inclusão de polpa melhorou o perfil fermentativo das silagens, com efeito mais pronunciado em silagens produzidas com capins mais novos. Com base no teor de ácido acético e em derivações da equação de superfície gerada, foi possível obter a recomendação de inclusão de 0,7% de polpa cítrica (com base na matéria natural do capim) para cada unidade percentual de MS que o capim possuir abaixo de 32. Portanto, o nível ótimo de inclusão de polpa que otimiza a qualidade da silagem é igual a (32 - MS) x 0,7.<br>The objectives of this trial were to evaluate the effects of regrowth age of elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum. cv. Napier), and citrus pulp addition on the fermentation pattern and aerobic stability of their silage. In addition to that, this research also aimed to create a recommendation index of citrus pulp addition taking into account the moisture concentration of the grass, in order to decrease costs of technology adoption. Laboratory silos (6 L-capacity each) were used and 20 treatments were tested, corresponding to 5 different grass regrowth ages (40, 60, 80, 100, or 120 days after harvesting) and four levels of citrus pulp pellets (0, 3, 6, or 9%, based on grass fresh matter) in a factorial arrangement 5 x 4, with four replicates. Regrowth age and citrus pulp addition level interacted for acetic, propionic, butyric, and lactic acid concentrations, lactic/acetic acid ratio, pH, ammoniacal nitrogen, and maximum temperature, but did not for alcohol concentration, in vitro DM digestibility, time to achieve the maximum temperature, rate for increasing temperature, and time for increasing temperature in 2ºC. In general, the addition of citrus pulp improved fermentation pattern of silages, with greater effect when silages were produced with high moisture grasses. Based on acetic acid concentration and using derivations from the surface equation, it was possible to recommend the addition of 0.7% of citrus pulp (based on grass fresh matter) for each percentage unit of grass DM lower than 32%. Therefore, the optimum addition level of citrus pulp which optimizes silage quality is equal to (32 - DM) x 0.7

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data