Heat map image of IL-10 family cytokines.

<p>Monocytes mRNA was extracted from HC (n = 3) and active CD patients (n = 3) after 6 h of culture with medium in the absence or presence of Pam3CSK4 and FSL-1. A) Green denoted down-regulated and red up-regulated genes. B) logFC of IL-19 mRNA expression between CD and HC are shown. **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.</p

IL-19 production after TLR activation in PBMC cultures from active CD patients (n = 3) and HC (n = 6).

<p>PBMC were cultured 24(A) and 48 h (B) with different TLR ligands (LPS, Pam3CSK4 or FSL-1) and IL-19 production was determined by ELISA as described in Materials and Methods. The viability of PBMC was determined by Trypan Blue (>99%). *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.</p

rhIL-19 up-regulates IL-4 production in activated T cells.

<p>PBMC from HC (n = 6) and active CD (n = 6) were activated and expanded with anti-CD3+anti-CD2+anti-CD28 as described in Materials and Methods. Supernatants were removed and IL-4 and IFNγ content were analyzed by ELISA. A) A) Up-regulation of IL-4 by rhIL-19 in HC cultures. B) IFNγ content in HC and CD patients in the presence or absence of rhIL-19.*p<0.05.</p

rhIL-19 up-regulates CTLA4 expression on CD4+CD25+CD127

<p>− <b>cells.</b> PBMC from HC (n = 4) and active CD (n = 3) were activated with anti-CD3+anti-CD2+anti-CD28 as described in Materials and Methods. The expression of CTLA4 (A) and GITR (B) was determined on CD4+CD25+CD127− cells by flow cytometry. *p<0.05.</p

rhIL-19 down-regulates TNFα production in cultures from HC after LPS activation.

<p>PBMC from HC and active CD patients were cultured with LPS (HC n = 10 and CD n = 5), Pam3CSK4 (HC n = 10 and CD n = 5) and FSL-1 (HC n = 5 and CD n = 3) for 24 h with or without rhIL-19 (400 ng/ml). A and B) TNFα and IL-10 production in cultures from HC after TLR activation with or without rhIL-19. D and E) TNFα and IL-10 production in cultures from active CD patients after TLR activation with or without rhIL-19. C and F) TNFα production from HC and active CD patients cultured with rhIL-10 (200 ng/ml). *p<0.05.</p

IL-10 regulates IL-19 expression.

<p>PBMC from A) HC (n = 3) and B) active CD patients (n = 3) were activated 24 h with TLR ligands (LPS, Pam3CSK4 and FSL-1) in the presence of rhIL-10 (200 ng/ml) and blocking anti-IL10 (500 ng/ml). Results are expressed as: (IL19 production with TLR+rhIL-10 or anti-IL10-IL-19 production with TLR)/IL-19 production with TLR.</p