Nocturnal Enuresis And Its Treatment Among Primary School Children In Calabar Nigeria.

Background: Enuresis for most children is a source of shame and anxiety with a profound ef fect on sel f percept ion, relationship and school performance. Hence the study of nocturnal enuresis among primary school children in Calabar-Nigeria. Objectives: This was to determine the frequency of enuresis among primary school children in Calabar and to study the treatment modalities. Patients and Methods: This was a prospective cross sectional study. A questionnaire was answered by parents of 3,230 pupils from six selected schools during the school term between January to March, 2010. Results: The frequency of nocturnal enuresis was 6.7%. Enuresis frequency was higher among boys (7.3%) than girls (6.0%) though this was not statistically significant (P=0.216). Treatment methods used were medication ( 1.6%) , water restriction (42.8%), awaking for voiding (27.3%) use of alarm bell (0.5%), herbal medication (8.0%), while 19.8% received no form of treatment. Help seeking behavior for this condition was poor as only 2.1% of this study population ever sought medical attention for this condition. Conclusion: The frequency of enuresis was similar to most reports in literature. Help-seeking behavior was poor. Parental education, advocacy and awareness creation on the availability of medical help for enuresis are suggested.Key words: Nocturnal enuresis, Treatment, School children

Efficacy Of Phenytoin Sodium In The Management Of Post Operative Pain

Postoperative pain in three groups of Nigerian patients, comprising 15 cases each of minor, intermediate and major surgical operations, was treated with phenytoin sodium, dihydrocodeine and paracetamol respectively. The aim of the study was to determine the efficacy of phenytoin sodium as a postoperative analgesic agent. Analgesia was assessed using the results of verbal rating scale scores namely, PID (pain intensity difference), SPID (sum of pain intensity difference) and TOTPAR (total pain relief) and a modified global rating scale. The results showed phenytoin sodium to be superior to paracetamol in the treatment of all grades of postoperative pain. It was equipotent to dihydrocodeine in mild and moderate pain, while dihydrocodeine was superior in severe pain. It is concluded that Phenytoin sodium is an efficacious analgesic agent in mild to moderate postoperative pain. Key words: Pain; Analgesia; Postoperative Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences Vol.18(1-2) 2003: 72-7

Comparison of the analgesic effects of dihydrocodeine tartrate, paracetamol and phenyton sodium

One hundred and thirty five patients (age 18 –70 years) with baseline pain of varying degrees in the post operative period, had their pain treated with dihydrocodeine, paracetamol and phenytoin sodium. At the end of 48 hours from commencement of treatment, the patients were asked to give an assessment of pain relief, using the modified global rating scale as poor (1), fair (2) and good (3). The results showed dihydrocodeine to give ‘good' relief in 86%; phenytoin in 47% and paracetamol in 34 % of patients with severe pain. Phenytoin is therefore a stronger analgesic agent than paracetamol but not as strong as dihydrocodeine. KEY WORDS: Pain, Analgesia, Dihydrocodeine, Paracetamol, Phenytoin. Global Jnl Medical Sciences Vol.2(2) 2003: 121-12

Advances in Biomedicine and Pharmacy (An International Journal of Biomedicine, Natural Products and Pharmacy) Comparative analysis of meat and vegetable based meals in wistar rats

From these results it was found that green leafy vegetables are rich sources of protein, fiber and many antioxidants with negligible cholesterol which associates it with a lower risk of cancer, diabetes and heart diseases, while on the other side, meat has the opposite effects of vegetables with many diseases associated with people who consume it frequently. Taken together, it can be concluded that vegetable based meals should be encouraged while excessive meat based meal consumption should be avoided