EFFECT OF METHANOLIC FRACTION OF KALANCHOE CRENATA ON RENAL MORPHOPHYSIOLOGY IN ADRIAMYCIN-INDUCED IMPAIRED KIDNEY IN RATS

Objectives: The effect of methanolic extract of Kalanchoe crenata (MEKC) was investigated on renal morphology and function in adriamycin-induced kidney impairment in rats.Methods: Ether anesthetized rats received three intravenous injections (days 0, 14, 28) of 2 mg/kg body weight of adriamycin. Repeated doses of the extract (0, 50 and 68 mg/kg bw) and losartan (10 mg/kg bw) were administered orally once daily, for 6 weeks, to adriamycin- nephropathic rats. Kidney functions were assessed through proteinuria, creatinemia and creatinuria, renal malondialdehyde (MDA) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and morphology analyses.Results: The 50 and 68 mg/kg MEKC, as the losartan, decreased proteinuria: -63.74 % and -64.94 % respectively, significantly (P<0.01) increased the creatinuria and the creatinuria/creatinemia ratio, and also decreased the creatinemia in diseased rats. The plant extracts markedly (P<0.05) increased plasma sodium, and decreased (P<0.01) the urinary sodium and potassium levels. The MEKC has remarkably (P<0.01) decreased the level of the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and increased the SOD level in nephropathic rats. The extract has improved the damage of kidney induced by adriamycin.Conclusion: The results indicate that the treatment with the K. crenata methanolic extract may improve proteinuria and all the symptoms that breed from nephropathy, and could improve kidney morphology. Therefore, K. crenata could be promising for the development of a standardized phytomedicine for the treatment of kidney disease.Â

Epidemiological and histopathological patterns of salivary gland tumors in Cameroon

Introduction: Tumors of salivary glands are rare. According to Johns and Goldsmith in 1989, their annual incidence is less than 1/100000 without noteworthy geographical gap. But other authors suggest that their distribution may vary according to the race and geographical location.In Cameroon, existing studies give incomplete data. Hence, we underwent this study in order to draw the general profile of salivary gland tumors in Cameroon. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out on the period spanning from January 2000 to December 2010 (11 years). It was done in nine Pathology services of different hospitals in Yaoundé, Douala and Bamenda. We consulted the archive registers of those services, retaining any patient with salivary gland tumor, whatever the histological type or location. Information gathered was the year of diagnosis, the service, the age and sex, the site of the tumor (gland) the histological type and the benign/ malignant character. Results: We recruited a total of 275 files. Women were 56% (154/275) and men 44% (121/275) of the sample. Fifty eight tumors were malignant (21.9%) while 217 were benign (78.1%). The overall mean age was 37.44 years, with extremes between 1 and 84 years. Pleomorphic adenoma (60.36%) was the most common benign tumor. Adenoid cystic carcinoma (31%), mucoepidermoid carcinoma (22.4%) and adenocarcinoma (19%) were the most common malignan tumors. Palate (66.7%), cheek (30%) and lips (3.3%) were the sites were the minor salivary glands were mostly involved. Conclusion: The differences with western world authors suggest a geographical variability of salivary gland tumors.Pan African Medical Journal 2016; 2

Profil des cancers gynécologiques et mammaires à Yaoundé - Cameroun

Introduction: En Afrique subsaharienne, les cancers constituent un fléau dont les caractéristiques restent à préciser. Méthodologie: Afin de déterminer les aspects histologiques et cliniques des cancers  gynécologiques et mammaires au Cameroun, nous avons mené une étude descriptive et rétrospective sur une période de 54 mois à l'Hôpital Gynéco-Obstétrique et Pédiatrique de Yaoundé. Méthodes: Afin de déterminer les aspects histologiques et cliniques des cancers gynécologiques et  mammaires au Cameroun, nous avons mené une étude descriptive et rétrospective sur une période de 54 mois à l'Hôpital Gynéco-Obstétrique et Pédiatrique de Yaoundé. Résultats: Les 424 cas enregistrés se répartissaient ainsi: cancers du col de l'utérus: 210 cas (49.5%); du sein: 144 cas (34%); de l'ovaire: 31 cas (7.4%); de l'endomètre: 21 cas (4.9%); de la vulve: 14 cas (3.3%); du vagin: 1 cas (0.2%) et les sarcomes utérins: 3 cas (0.7%). Pour le cancer du sein, l'âge moyen au diagnostic était de 46.08±4.0 ans, 92.4% de patientes présentaient une masse (dont 60.9% localisées au quadrant supéro-externe), 76.4% étaient découverts aux stades T3 et T4, et 71.5% étaient les carcinomes canalaires. Pour les cancers du col, l'âge moyen au diagnostic était de 52.43±3.82 ans,  62.9% étaient découverts aux stades FIGO 1 et 2, et 87.6% étaient des carcinomes épidermoïdes. Pour le cancer de l'ovaire, l'âge moyen au diagnostic était de 49.0±9.31 ans, 90.3% étaient des tumeurs  épithéliales et 74.2% étaient aux stades 2 et 3 (FIGO). Quant aux cancers de l'endomètre, l'âge moyen au diagnostic était de 59±14.55 ans, 90.5% étaient des adénocarcinomes. Conclusion: Les principaux cancers étaient ceux du col de l'utérus et du sein. Le diagnostic étant souvent fait aux stades tardifs et par conséquent de mauvais pronostic, la prévention des cancers gynécologiques et mammaires devrait être renforcée au Cameroun.Key words: Cancer, sein, col, utérus, endomètre, ovaire, gynécologique, vagin, vulve, Camerou

Cytopathological Aspects of Breast Discharge in Women without Palpable Breast Mass in Yaounde, Cameroon

Objective: Describe cytopathological characteristics of nipple discharge.Methods: Four years retrospective cross- sectional study in Yaounde, Cameroon. We included all complete files of adult women with cytopathological analyses of breast discharge without palpable mass. Exclusion Criteria: Pregnant or breastfeeding women, puerperium and first 4 weeks post- abortum. Cytological modifications were classified as benign or malignant. Results: We retained 153 cases. Mean age was 41.2+/-14.4 years. Cytological modifications were malignant in 27 (17.65%) and benign in 126 (82.35%) cases. Of the 27 malignant cases, 18 (11.77%) were carcinomas and 9 (5.88%) were lymphomas. Upon histological analyses, all suspected lymphomas were confirmed while only 1 case of suspected carcinoma turned to be an atypical ductal hyperplasia. Of the 126 cases with benign modifications, 54 (35.29%) had inflammatory lesions, 48 (31.38%) had non inflammatory lesions and 24 (15.69%) had papillomas. Conclusion: Cytology of breast discharge can enhance early detection of breast cancers

Etude histopathologique des adénopathies cervicales à Yaoundé, Cameroun

Introduction: les adénopathies cervicales ont été très peu étudiées au Cameroun. Méthodes: pour améliorer leur connaissance nous avons mené une étude rétrospective et descriptive dans les cinq principaux laboratoires de la capitale du pays en vue d’en déterminer les aspects histopathologiques. Résultats: nous avons colligé 292 cas. L’âge moyen était de 30,95 ±4,11ans et le ratio homme / femme était de 0,96/1. Les principaux diagnostics histologiques étaient les suivants: tuberculose ganglionnaire (39,38%),  les lymphadénites (18,49%), les lymphomes malins non hodgkiniens (12,33%), la maladie de Kaposi  ganglionnaire (5,82%), les métastases de carcinome (5,82%) et la maladie de Hodgkin (5,14%). Dans  95,65% des cas le diagnostic était posé au-delà du deuxième mois d’évolution des symptômes.Conclusion: nos résultats, quoique préliminaires, sont une contribution à l’amélioration de la stratégie  diagnostique et thérapeutique dans nos hôpitaux aux ressources limitées.Key words: Adénopathies cervicales, histopathologie, pathologie, ganglions, Yaoundé, tuberculose ganglionnaire, lymphadénite, Camerou

Anti-dyslipidemic and Antioxidant Potentials of Methanol Extract of Kalanchoe crenata Whole Plant in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Nephropathy in Rats

Purpose: The activity of the methanol extract of the whole plant of Kalanchoe crenata (MEKC) was studied for the treatment of diabetes-induced nephropathy in rats. Methods: Five-day old Wistar rats received a single intraperitoneal streptozotocin injection (90 μg/kg body weight) to induce diabetes. Kidney disease onset in the rats was observed six weeks after diabetes induction. The rats were orally administered MEKC (0, 50 and 68 mg/kg) or glibenclamide (5 mg/kg), once daily for 6 weeks. Blood and urine glucose, proteins, lipids, creatinine, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were then evaluated. Results: After 6 weeks of treatment, 50 and 68 mg/kg MEKC, and glibenclamide significantly (p < 0.01) decreased glycaemia (-35, -44 and -39 %), glycosuria (-38, -47 and -61 %) and proteinuria (-82, -80 and -72 %) in diabetes-nephropathic rats. The extract (68 mg/kg) decreased MDA by up to -44 % (blood), - 35 % (liver) and -34 % (kidney); increased SOD up to 257 % (blood), 116 % (liver) and 118 % (kidney); and CAT by up to 176 % (blood), 78 % (liver) and 96 % (kidney) in the rats, compared with nephropathic control. The extract (50 and 68 mg/kg, respectively) lowered (p < 0.01) total cholesterolemia (-24 and - 27 %), blood triglycerides (-55 and -54 %), blood LDL cholesterol (-48 and -59 %), but increased blood HDL cholesterol (71 and 58 %). Overall, atherogenic index was decreased by 31 %. Conclusion: The results indicate that MEKC holds promise for the development of a standardized phytomedicine for diabetes mellitus and kidney disease treatment

Antioxidant potential of the methanol–methylene chloride extract of Terminalia glaucescens leaves on mice liver in streptozotocin-induced stress

Aim: The antioxidant effect of the methanol-methylene chloride extract of Terminalia glaucescens (Combretaceae) leaves was investigated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced oxidative stress. Methods: Oxidative stress was induced in mice by a daily dose of STZ (45 mg/kg body weight i.p.) for five days. From day one, before STZ injection, normal and diabetic-test mice received an oral dose of the extract (100 or 300 mg/kg b.w.) daily. Plasma metabolites, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzymes in the liver were assessed and gain in body weight recorded. Results: In normal mice the plant extract reduced food and water intake, blood glucose and LDL-C level and body weight gain, did not affect the lipid peroxidation in the liver, while the antioxidant enzyme activities seemed increased. Blood glucose was decreased (P < 0.05) in normal mice treated with 300 mg/kg extract. Diabetic mice pretreated with 100 mg/kg extract as diabetic control mice (DC) showed significant (P < 0.001) body weight loss, polyphagia and polydipsia, high plasma glucose level, decrease in the liver catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities, and increase in lipid peroxidation. The HDL-C level was lowered (P < 0.05) whereas LDL-C increased. In 300 mg/kg extract-pretreated diabetic mice the extract prevented body weight loss, increase of blood glucose level, lipid peroxidation in liver, food and water intake, and lowering of plasma HDL-C level and liver antioxidants; this extract prevented LDL-C level increase. Conclusion: These results indicate that T. glaucescens protects against STZ-induced oxidative stress and could thus explain its traditional use for diabetes and obesity treatment or management

Effect of the Hydroethanolic Extract of Bixa orellana Linn (Bixaceae) Leaves on Castor Oil-Induced Diarrhea in Swiss Albino Mice

Objective. The treatment of diarrheal diseases is a serious problem in developing countries, where population generally uses medicinal plants. The leaves of Bixa orellana have been reported to be traditionally used in the treatment of diarrhea by local people in the district of Khulna in Bangladesh. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the hydroethanolic extract of Bixa orellana leaves on castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice. Methods. The powder of the leaves of Bixa orellana was macerated in ethanol/water mixture (20/80) for 48 hours and then filtered. The filtrate obtained was lyophilized, and the solutions to be administered to the animals were prepared. To induce diarrhea, animals orally received castor oil (1 mL/100 g bw). To determine the effective doses, each mouse received, 30 minutes after the administration of castor oil, one of the single oral doses of hydroethanolic extract of Bixa orellana leaves: 0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg bw. The mass, number, and frequency of stool diarrhea were measured and recorded per hour for five hours. The effect of the hydroethanolic extract of Bixa orellana leaves on the intestinal transit was evaluated by measuring the distance traveled by the charcoal meal in thirty minutes. The effects of the aqueous extract of hydroethanolic extract of Bixa orellana leaves on intestinal secretion were evaluated by measuring the volume of the intestinal content and by dosing the electrolytes (Na+, K+, and Cl-) in the intestinal content by the colorimetric method. Results. The extract produced significant (P<0.01) decreases, respectively, 35.52%, 54.47%, 74.80%, and 87.80% in the severity of diarrhea. The extract at 100 and 200 mg/kg bw showed a significant (P<0.01) decrease of castor oil-induced enteropooling (61.08% and 65.41%), and only the 200 mg/kg bw exhibited significant (P<0.01) reduction on intestinal transit (24.46%) as compared to standard drug. Conclusions. The hydroethanolic extract was found to be effective against castor oil-induced diarrhea in experimental mice at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg bw which provides evidence that could justify its traditional use