2 research outputs found

    Determinação da opacidade atmosférica em comprimentos de ondas submilimétricas

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    Para compreender a natureza dos mecanismos de radiação explosiva solar em ondas de rádio de alta frequência, que depende da interpretação do espectro da densidade de fluxo (S), é necessário ter uma boa estimativa da precisão de S. Por essa razão, a determinação da opacidade atmosférica é essencial, para corrigir o fluxo de radiação solar observado pelos radiotelescópios no solo. Para altas frequências (como por exemplo, na faixa submilimétrica e infravermelha), o vapor de água é a principal responsável da opacidade atmosférica. Assim, a radiação solar coletada pelo radiotelescópio pode ser fortemente atenuada até um fator de 1000 (como por exemplo, em 405 GHz). Portanto, é necessário ter uma estimativa confiável da opacidade atmosférica. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é determinar a opacidade atmosférica em 212 e 405 GHz usando o método da brilhância do Sol. Comparando com as características de outros métodos na literatura, encontramos que este método permite estimar a atenuação atmosférica até valores consideravelmente altos, e somente depende de um único parâmetro, conhecido como o produto, \u1d443 = \u1d702\u1d447. Onde \u1d447 é a temperatura de brilho do Sol medida em 212 e 405 GHz e \u1d702 é a eficiência do feixe. Embora, estas duas quantidades não serem bem conhecidas individualmente, nos assumimos, que o valor de \u1d443 é constante. Para o desenvolvimento do presente trabalho foram utilizados aproximadamente 18 mil varreduras solares medidas pelo Telescópio Solar Submilimétrico (SST, CASLEO, 2552 m de altitude), para o período entre 2002 e 2015, considerando dias de observação de céu aberto, com baixa opacidade. Utilizando o método da brilhância do Sol, foram calculados os valores de \u1d443 em 212 e 405 GHz. Para os quatro feixes em 212 GHz obtivemos os seguintes valores médios: ¯ \u1d443 = 2446 ± 149 K (feixe 1); ¯ \u1d443 = 2489 ± 184 K (feixe 2); ¯ \u1d443 = 2541 ± 223 K (feixe 3); ¯ \u1d443 = 2361 ± 199 K (feixe 4) e para os dois feixes em 405 GHz obtivemos: ¯ \u1d443 = 3241 ± 331 K (feixe 5) e ¯ \u1d443 = 3299 ± 276 K (feixe 6). Utilizando o valor médio ¯ \u1d443 foram determinadas as opacidades atmosféricas \u1d70f212 e \u1d70f405, em 212 e 405 GHz, respectivamente. A correlação entre as opacidades \u1d70f212 e \u1d70f405, aponta para uma opacidade em 405 GHz de ∼ 7,0 vezes maior do que em 212 GHz. Além disso, encontramos também que as opacidades atmosféricas determinadas pelo método proposto nesta dissertação, mostram uma excelente correlação com o conteúdo de vapor de água, quando este é medido simultaneamente.To understand the nature of the solar explosive radiation mechanisms at high frequency radio waves, which depends on the interpretation of the flux density spectrum (S), it is necessary to have a good estimate of the accuracy of S . For this reason, the atmospheric opacity determination is essential, to correct the observed solar radiation flux from radio telescopes in the ground. For high frequencies (e.g. in the sub-millimeter and infrared wavelength), the water vapor is mainly responsible of the atmospheric opacity. Thus, the solar radiation collected by the radio telescope can be strongly attenuated up to a factor of 1000 (e.g. at 405 GHz). Therefore, it is necessary to have a reliable estimate of the atmospheric opacity. The main aim of this work is to determine the atmospheric opacity at 212 and 405 GHz using the solar brightness method. Comparing with the characteristics of other methods in the literature, we find that this one allows to determine the atmospheric opacity up to considerably high values, and only depends on one parameter. Namely, the product \u1d443 = \u1d702\u1d447, where \u1d447 is the brightness temperature of the Sun measured at 212 and 405 GHz and \u1d702 is the beam efficiency; we assume that the \u1d443 value is constant even though \u1d447 and \u1d702 are not well known individually. For the development of the present work, we were used approximately 18 thousand solar scans recorded by the Submillimetric Solar Telescope (SST, CASLEO, 2552 m altitude), for the period between 2002 and 2015, where only clear days with low opacity were considered. Using the solar brightness method, the \u1d443 value was calculated at 212 and 405 GHz. For the four beam at 212 GHz, we obtained: ¯ \u1d443 = 2446 ± 149 K (beam 1); ¯ \u1d443 = 2489±184 K (beam 2); ¯ \u1d443 = 2541±223 K (beam 3); ¯ \u1d443 = 2361±199 K (beam 4) and for the two beams at 405 GHz we obtained: ¯ \u1d443 = 3241±331 K (beam 5) and ¯ \u1d443 = 3299 ± 276 K (beam 6). Using the mean values ¯ \u1d443, the atmospheric opacities \u1d70f212 and \u1d70f405 were determined at 212 and 405 GHz, respectively. The correlation between the opacities \u1d70f212 and \u1d70f405, show that the opacity at 405 GHz ∼ 7 times more than that at 212 GHz. In addition, we also find that the atmospheric opacities determined with the method proposed in this work show an excellent correlation with the water vapor content, when this is measured simultaneously.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superio

    Clinical validation of cutoff target ranges in newborn screening of metabolic disorders by tandem mass spectrometry: A worldwide collaborative project

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    PURPOSE:: To achieve clinical validation of cutoff values for newborn screening by tandem mass spectrometry through a worldwide collaborative effort. METHODS:: Cumulative percentiles of amino acids and acylcarnitines in dried blood spots of approximately 25-30 million normal newborns and 10,742 deidentified true positive cases are compared to assign clinical significance, which is achieved when the median of a disorder range is, and usually markedly outside, either the 99th or the 1st percentile of the normal population. The cutoff target ranges of analytes and ratios are then defined as the interval between selected percentiles of the two populations. When overlaps occur, adjustments are made to maximize sensitivity and specificity taking all available factors into consideration. RESULTS:: As of December 1, 2010, 130 sites in 45 countries have uploaded a total of 25,114 percentile data points, 565,232 analyte results of true positive cases with 64 conditions, and 5,341 cutoff values. The average rate of submission of true positive cases between December 1, 2008, and December 1, 2010, was 5.1 cases/day. This cumulative evidence generated 91 high and 23 low cutoff target ranges. The overall proportion of cutoff values within the respective target range was 42% (2,269/5,341). CONCLUSION:: An unprecedented level of cooperation and collaboration has allowed the objective definition of cutoff target ranges for 114 markers to be applied to newborn screening of rare metabolic disorders. © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
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