Short distance movement of genomic negative strands in a host and nonhost for Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In order to obtain an initial and preliminary understanding of host and nonhost resistance in the initial step of potyvirus replication, both positive and negative <it>Sugarcane mosaic virus </it>(SCMV) strands where traced in inoculated and systemic leaves in host and nonhost resistant maize and sugarcane for one Mexican potyviral isolate (SCMV-VER1). Intermediary replication forms, such as the negative viral strand, seem to only move a short distance as surveyed by RT-PCR analysis and ELISA in different leaves. Virus purification was also done in leaves and stems.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Susceptible maize plants allowed for viral SCMV replication, cell-to-cell, and long distance movement, as indicated by the presence of the coat protein along the plant. In the host resistant maize plants for the SCMV-VER1 isolate, the virus was able to establish the disease though the initial steps of virus replication, as detected by the presence of negative strands, in the basal area of the inoculated leaves at six and twelve days post inoculation. The nonhost sugarcane for SCMV-VER1 and the host sugarcane for SCMV-CAM6 also allowed the initial steps of viral replication for the VER1 isolate in the local inoculated leaf. SCMV-VER1 virions could be extracted from stems of susceptible maize with higher titers than leaves.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Nonhost and host resistance allow the initial steps of potyvirus SCMV replication, as shown by the negative strands' presence. Furthermore, both hosts allow the negative viral strands' local movement, but not their systemic spread through the stem. The presence of larger amounts of extractable virions from the stem (as compared to the leaves) in susceptible maize lines suggests their long distance movement as assembled particles. This will be the first report suggesting the long distance movement of a monocot potyvirus as a virion.</p

Retos y oportunidades en la selección asistida de frijol resistente a BCMV y BCMNV en México. II. Oportunidades para la selección asistida

Considering recent information, the objective was to review the knowledge on the mechanisms of resistance to BCMV and BCMNV, describe the use of DNA markers for assisted selection of bean varieties resistant to both viruses and point out the need to design and generate more efficient molecular markers. The most economical and efficient way to prevent damage caused by both viruses is to plant resistant varieties obtained by gene pyramiding, in which a broad-spectrum resistance against pathogroups of BCMV and BCMNV are combined. For over 30 years the role of the dominant I gene are known, which confers resistance to non-necrotic strains, and bc recessive genes, including c-u, bc-1, bc-12, bc-2, bc-22, and bc-3, which confer resistance to some specific pathogroups of BCMV and BCMNV. However, except for bc-3 gene which corresponds to PveIF4E gene, their identity is unknown. Regarding to bc3 gene has been identified at least three alleles, bc31, bc32 and bc33, of which only the bc32 allele in combination with I gene, confers immunity to strain of NL3 from BCMNV. To date, the two most used molecular markers to monitor BCMV resistance: ROC11 and SW13 have not been consistent through diverse germplasm. It is therefore necessary to develop new or additional resistance markers based on knowledge of the biological function of the corresponding genes.Considerando información reciente, el objetivo fue revisar el conocimiento de los mecanismos de resistencia a BCMV y BCMNV, describir el uso de marcadores de ADN para la selección asistida de variedades de frijol resistentes a ambos virus y señalar la necesidad de diseñar y generar marcadores moleculares más eficientes. La forma más económica y eficiente para prevenir los daños causados por ambos virus es sembrar variedades resistentes obtenidas mediante la piramidación de genes, en la que se combine una resistencia de amplio espectro contra los patogrupos de BCMV y BCMNV. Desde hace más de 30 años se conoce la función del gen dominante I, que confiere resistencia a cepas no necróticas, y de los genes recesivos bc, que incluyen bc-u, bc-1, bc-12, bc-2, bc-22, y bc-3, que confieren resistencia específica a algunos patogrupos de BCMV y BCMNV. Sin embargo, a excepción del gen bc-3 que corresponde al gen PveIF4E, se desconoce la identidad de todos ellos. En relación al gen bc3 se han identificado al menos tres alelos, bc31, bc32 y bc33, de los cuales solo el alelo bc32, en combinación con el gen I, confiere inmunidad a la cepa NL3 de BCMNV. Hasta el presente, los dos marcadores moleculares más utilizados para monitorear resistencia a BCMV: ROC11 y SW13 no han sido consistentes a través de germoplasma diverso. Por esta razón es necesario desarrollar nuevos o marcadores de resistencia adicionales basados en el conocimiento de la función biológica de los genes correspondientes

Retos y oportunidades en la selección asistida de frijol resistente a BCMV y BCMNV en México. I. Dimensión del problema

The bean diseases known as common mosaic and black root, caused by bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) have increased incidence in Mexico. The BCMV is widely distributed in almost all production regions, and BCMNV preferably in tropical regions. Both viruses cause similar symptoms and can be transmitted by aphids or seed from infected plants, so that its incidence is related to the cultivation of susceptible varieties and climatic conditions that favor the presence of vectors. Control of BCMV and BCMNV can be achieved through certification programs of disease-free seed and use of resistant varieties. The cheapest way to prevent damage is to plant varieties with durable resistance obtained by gene pyramiding, in which a broad-spectrum of resistance is combined against BCMV and BCMNV. This breeding process can be facilitated using molecular marker assisted selection in combination with direct confrontation of the virus. The objective is to elucidate the issues surrounding the impact of BCMV and BCMNV in major producing areas of bean to identify challenges and opportunities in assisted selection of beans resistant to BCMV and BCMNV.Las enfermedades del frijol conocidas como mosaico común y raíz negra, causadas por el virus del mosaico común del frijol (BCMV) y el virus necrótico del mosaico común del frijol (BCMNV), tienen cada vez mayor incidencia en México. El BCMV está ampliamente distribuido en casi todas las regiones productoras, y el BCMNV preferentemente en las regiones tropicales. Ambos virus producen síntomas similares y pueden transmitirse por áfidos o por semilla proveniente de plantas infectadas, por lo que su incidencia está relacionada con el cultivo de variedades susceptibles y las condiciones climáticas que favorecen la presencia de insectos vectores. El control de BCMV y BCMNV puede lograrse mediante programas de certificación de semilla libre de enfermedades y el uso de variedades resistentes. La forma más económica de prevenir daños es sembrar variedades con resistencia durable obtenida mediante la piramidación de genes, en la que se combina una resistencia de amplio espectro contra patogrupos de BCMV y BCMNV. Este proceso de mejoramiento puede facilitarse mediante el uso de selección asistida por marcadores moleculares en combinación con la confrontación directa de los virus. El objetivo es dilucidar la problemática en torno a la incidencia del BCMV y BCMNV en las principales regiones productoras de frijol para identificar los retos y oportunidades en la selección asistida de frijol resistente a BCMV y BCMNV