75 research outputs found

    Transformation de polyols en phase aqueuse par catalyse hétérogÚne bifonctionnelle

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    Une nouvelle voie de synthÚse de carburants à partir de biomasse a été récemment proposée : la transformation directe du sorbitol (sucre hydrogéné d'origine lignocellulosique) en alcanes légers (six atomes de carbone au maximum) en phase aqueuse par catalyse hétérogÚne bifonctionnelle métal/acide, suivant la réaction : C6O6H14 + 6 H2 -> C6H14 + 6 H2O (déshydratation/hydrogénation du sorbitol en hexane). L'enjeu de la thÚse est d'identifier des systÚmes catalytiques bifonctionnels stables, actifs et sélectifs pour les hydrocarbures à 5 ou 6 atomes de carbone, valorisables dans le pool essence.Les premiers systÚmes étudiés sont des catalyseurs à base de platine et de ruthénium supportés sur silice-alumine. Ces catalyseurs ne sont pas stables en milieu hydrothermal et catalysent des réactions indésirables de rupture C-C : la décarbonylation dans le cas du platine (conduisant au CO2) et l'hydrogénolyse ou la méthanation dans le cas du ruthénium. C'est pourquoi de nouveaux systÚmes catalytiques ont été préparés par des mélanges mécaniques de catalyseurs métalliques (Pt, Pd, Ir) déposés sur zircone et d'oxydes tungstés (ZrO2-WOx, Al2O3-WOx, TiO2-WOx). Ces systÚmes catalytiques présentent une stabilité en phase aqueuse meilleure que pour les catalyseurs à base de silice-alumine. Les sélectivités varient en fonction de la nature de l'oxyde et de la nature du métal utilisés. En particulier, Un nouveau systÚme catalytique, Pt/ZrO2 + TiO2-WOx, (brevet 12/01.546) s'est révélé actif et trÚs sélectif pour les composés en C6. Enfin, les mécanismes réactionnels mis en jeu pour la réaction de transformation du sorbitol ont été discutés en s'appuyant sur des tests de réactivité modÚle.A new way of biofuels synthesis was recently proposed: the direct transformation of sorbitol (ex-lignocellulose hydrogenated sugar) into light hydrocarbons (maximum six carbon atoms) in aqueous phase by metal/acid bifunctional heterogeneous catalysis, following the reaction : C6O6H14 + 6 H2 -> C6H14 + 6 H2O (dehydration/hydrogenation of sorbitol into hexane). The aim of the PhD work is to identify stable and active bifunctional catalytic systems with selectivity to 5-6 carbon atoms hydrocarbons, which can be further upgraded into gasoline. The first studied systems are platinum and ruthenium catalysts supported on silica-alumina. These catalysts are not stable in hydrothermal medium and catalyse undesired C-C cleavage reactions such as decarbonylation for platinum (leading to CO2) and hydrogenolysis or methanation for ruthenium. That is why new catalytic systems have been prepared by mechanical mixing of metallic catalysts (Pt, Pd, Ir) supported on zirconia and tungstated oxides (ZrO2-WOx, Al2O3-WOx, TiO2-WOx). These catalytic systems present an improved hydrothermal stability compared to the silica-alumina based catalysts. Various selectivities are obtained depending on the oxide and metal natures. Particularly, A new catalytic system, Pt/ZrO2 + TiO2-WOx, (patent 12/01.546), was found to be active and very selective to C6 compounds. Finally, the reaction mechanisms involved in the sorbitol transformation reaction have been discussed, referring to model reactivity tests.POITIERS-SCD-Bib. électronique (861949901) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Préparation et caractérisation de catalyseurs bimétalliques Re-Pd/TiO2 pour l'hydrogénation de l'acide succinique issu de la biomasse

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    L'objectif de ce travail est de mettre au point des catalyseurs bimĂ©talliques Re-Pd/TiO2 actifs et suffisamment robustes en milieu hydrothermal pour hydrogĂ©ner sĂ©lectivement l'acide succinique (SUC) en 1,4-butanediol (BDO). Dans un premier temps, des catalyseurs monomĂ©talliques 2%Pd/TiO2 sont prĂ©parĂ©s et caractĂ©risĂ©s par diverses techniques physico-chimiques. Les rĂ©sultats montrent l'importance d'un certain nombre de paramĂštres sur les propriĂ©tĂ©s des catalyseurs et leurs performances catalytiques. Les catalyseurs Ă  base de palladium sont trĂšs sĂ©lectifs en g-butyrolactone mais trĂšs peu en BDO. DiffĂ©rentes teneurs en rhĂ©nium sont ensuite dĂ©posĂ©es sur les catalyseurs 2%Pd/TiO2 (par imprĂ©gnation successive (IS) et par rĂ©duction catalytique (RC)). L'existence d'une interaction entre les deux mĂ©taux Pd-Re est mise en Ă©vidence par plusieurs techniques de caractĂ©risation (chimisorption H2, rĂ©action modĂšle de dĂ©shydrogĂ©nation du cyclohexane, RTP, XPS, MET-EDX). L'ajout de rhĂ©nium permet d'augmenter la vitesse de la rĂ©action de transformation du SUC et amĂ©liore la sĂ©lectivitĂ© en BDO. Pour les catalyseurs prĂ©parĂ©s par IS, des quantitĂ©s importantes de rhĂ©nium (3-4%) sont nĂ©cessaires pour avoir un effet optimum, alors que le dĂ©pĂŽt par la mĂ©thode RC doit ĂȘtre limitĂ© Ă  des teneurs plus faibles (< 1%). NĂ©anmoins, les catalyseurs prĂ©parĂ©s par IS conduisent Ă  une meilleure activitĂ© et sĂ©lectivitĂ© en BDO.The objective of this work is to synthesize bimetallic catalysts Re-Pd/TiO2 active and strong enough in hydrothermal environment to hydrogenate selectively the succinic acid (SUC) to 1,4-butanediol (BDO). At first, monometallic 2%Pd/TiO2 catalysts are prepared and characterized by various physico-chemical methods. The results show the importance of several parameters on the catalyst properties and catalytic performances. Palladium catalysts are very selective to g-butyrolactone but few to BDO. Various rhenium contents are then deposited on 2%Pd/TiO2 catalysts (by successive impregnation (SI) and catalytic reduction (CR)). The existence of an interaction between both Pd-Re metals is revealed using several techniques of characterization (H2 chemisorption, model reaction of cyclohexane dehydrogenation, TPR, XPS, TEM-EDX). Adding rhenium both allows enhancing the reaction rate of SUC transformation and improving the selectivity to BDO. For catalysts prepared by SI, important quantities of rhenium (3-4%) are needed for optimal effect, while the deposit must be limited to lower contents (< 1%) when using the CR method. Nevertheless, catalysts prepared by SI lead to better activity and selectivity to BDO.POITIERS-SCD-Bib. Ă©lectronique (861949901) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Hydrogénolyse sélective du glycérol en phase aqueuse sur catalyseurs métalliques supportés

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    Dans le contexte de la valorisation des bioressources, l'hydrogénolyse sélective du glycérol en composé C3 (propanediols, propanol, propane) est étudiée en phase aqueuse sur des catalyseurs bifonctionnels à base de ruthénium, seul ou modifié par ajouts d'étain, ou à base de platine, supportés sur alumine, alumine-silice ou oxyde de titane. Les ajouts d'étain sont effectués par différentes méthodes : co-imprégnation, imprégnation successive et réduction catalytique. La réaction d'hydrogénolyse du glycérol est réalisée en autoclave, à 210C, P=60 bar (sous N2 ou H2), avec une solution aqueuse à 4,5% en masse de glycérol. Les conditions opératoires de cette réaction entraßnent des modifications structurales et texturales des catalyseurs. Cependant, le support TiO2 est identifié comme étant celui conduisant à la meilleure stabilité de la phase métallique dans les conditions de réaction. Une plus grande acidité (de Lewis et de BrÞnsted) est obtenue sur les catalyseurs supportés sur alumine-silice. Pendant la transformation du glycérol, les sites acides sont impliqués dans les réactions de déshydratation sélectivement recherchées, mais peuvent promouvoir les ruptures indésirables de liaisons C-C par un mécanisme de craquage acide. La production d'alcanes s'avÚre relativement faible pour tous les catalyseurs testés. Les catalyseurs au Ru montrent une forte activité, mais avec une sélectivité importante en CH4. Les ajouts d'étain permettent de diminuer légÚrement la formation de ce produit de dégradation indésirable. Parmi tous les catalyseurs au Pt, ceux supportés sur TiO2 montrent les meilleures conversions du glycérol et les meilleures sélectivités en produits C3 valorisableThe selective hydrogenolysis of glycerol to C3 compounds (propanediol, propanol, propane) was studied in aqueous phase on bifunctionnal catalysts composed of ruthenium, alone or modified by Sn additions, or of platinum supported on alumina, alumina-silica or titania. Tin was added by various methods: co-impregnation, successive impregnation and catalytic reduction.The glycerol hydrogenolysis was performed in batch reactor, at 210C, 60 bar of total pressure (under N2 or H2), 4.5 wt% glycerol aqueous solution. These operating conditions involve structural and textural modifications of the catalysts. However, the TiO2 support is identified as leading to the best stability of the metallic phase in the reaction conditions. A higher acidity (Lewis and BrÞnsted sites) is obtained on catalysts supported on alumina-silica. During the transformation of glycerol, the acid sites are implied in the selectively intended dehydration reactions, but can promote the undesirable C-C bond cleavages by a mechanism of acid cracking. The selectivity to alkanes remains relatively low for all the tested catalysts. Ru based catalysts show a high activity with an important selectivity to CH4. Adding of tin allows to slightly decrease the selectivity to this degradation product. Among all the Pt-based catalysts, those supported on TiO2 show the best conversions of glycerol and the best selectivity to C3 valuable products.POITIERS-SCD-Bib. électronique (861949901) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Supported Co-Re Bimetallic Catalysts with Different Structures as Efficient Catalysts for Hydrogenation of Citral

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    International audienceBimetallic Co–Re/TiO2 catalysts were developed for efficient citral hydrogenation. Bimetallic catalysts were prepared by co‐impregnation (CI), successive‐impregnation (SI), and surface redox method (SR). The arrangement between the Co and Re species on these systems was fully characterized using several techniques (TEM–energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, H2 temperature‐programmed reduction, temperature‐programmed desorption, XRD, CO FTIR spectroscopy, model reaction of cyclohexane dehydrogenation), and their catalytic performances were evaluated for the selective hydrogenation of citral towards unsaturated alcohols. The Re and Co species are completely isolated in the CI sample, presenting a very limited Co–Re interaction. In SI samples, the metals coexist in a Janus‐type structure with a concentration of Re around Co. Decoration/core–shell structures are observed for SR samples resulting from the redox exchange between the metallic surface of the parent Co/TiO2 catalyst and the Re7+ species of the modifier precursor salt. The contact degree between the two metals gradually increases as follows: Isolated structure (CI)<Janus‐type structure(SI)<decoration/core–shell structure (SR). The unchanging structure of all SI samples independent of the Re loading leads to similar electron transfer, and the increase in Re content results in agglomeration of Re, thus decreasing the catalytic activity. Density‐of‐state (DOS) calculations prove that the high valence of Re is a disadvantage for the hydrogenation reaction. For SR samples, the increase of Re loading contributes to the electron transfer from Re to Co that is consistent with a change of structure from decoration to core–shell. The lack of directly accessible Co atoms for SR catalysts with fully coated structure decreases the efficiency of Re reduction. The presence of Co–Re interaction resulting from the close contact between metals plays a dominant role in the hydrogenation of citral. Nevertheless, an excessively high contact degree is unnecessary for citral hydrogenation once Co–Re interaction has formed

    Catalytic performances of large pore Ti-SBA15 supported Pt nanocomposites for the citral hydrogenation reaction

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    International audiencePt/x% Ti-SBA15 catalysts (x corresponding to the wt.% TiO2 loading in the Ti-SiO2 composite, in the range 25-60%) were synthesized by titanium precursor grafting in preformed mesoporous silica. Materials were characterized by several techniques, including elemental analysis, XRD, TEM and N-2-sorption isotherms to achieve structural and textural properties description. Different pore sizes were obtained for the SBA15 materials, by using or not hexane as swelling agent. The catalytic performances of these original materials were evaluated for the selective hydrogenation of citral (alpha, beta-unsaturated aldehyde), and compared with those of Pt/SBA and Pt/TiO2 P25 reference catalysts. Pt/x% Ti-SBA15 catalysts present high specific surface, with TiO2 nanoparticles and Pt-0 clusters located inside the hexagonal mesopore structure of silica. During citral hydrogenation, the selectivity towards unsaturated alcohols (nerol and geraniol) varies as a function of the support nature as follows: Pt/x% Ti-SBA15 > Pt/TiO2 P25 >> Pt/SBA. The results are discussed in term of variable metal-support interaction (SMSI) generated by the partial reduction of TiO2 species, this SMSI effect being reported more important over anatase TiO2 nanoparticles dispersed inside the mesostructure than over large crystals encountered in the classical P25 support

    Bimetallic Catalysts For Sustainable Chemistry: Surface Redox Reactions For Tuning The Catalytic Surface Composition MINIREVIEW

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    International audienceThe development of a bimetallic catalyst for a given reaction requires not only the selection of the appropriate metals M1 and M2 but also the control as far as possible of the distribution of the two metals together and at the support surface in the case of supported catalysts. Preparation methods using redox reactions specifically enable the deposition of a second metal M2 at the surface of monometallic M1 nanoparticles, leading in most cases to core-shell nanoparticles with strong metal-metal interactions. Various methods are possible depending on the electrochemical potentials of the species involved: either a direct redox reaction, also named galvanic replacement, or the reduction of an intermediate reducing agent activated at the surface of M1. In this minireview, the fundamental bases of the preparation of bimetallic catalysts by both types of redox reactions and the recent advances in that domain are described
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