Knowing the Role of the Teams Games Tournament Cooperative Learning Model on Student Learning Activeness

Background: This study aimed to investigate the impact of the Teams Games Tournament (TGT) cooperative learning model on student learning engagement in the subject of Ecosystem. Method: The research was conducted at a Middle School in Muscat, Oman, utilizing cluster random sampling. The study involved two groups: a control group and an experimental group. The research design employed was a quasi-experiment with a posttest-only control design. Data analysis was conducted using the t-test with a significance level of 1%. Data collection techniques included observation and questionnaires. Results: The hypothesis test results revealed a t-test value of 8.1, whereas the critical t-table value was 2.66. The calculations indicated that t-test > t-table, leading to the rejection of H0. This finding indicates that students responded positively to the learning experience using the (TGT)cooperative learning model. Conclusion: In conclusion, implementing the (TGT)cooperative learning model enhanced student learning activity in Ecosystem education

Impacts of chronic illness on families: Experiences of Iranian family of patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Qualitative Study

Family members are often the primary healthcare providers and support for patients with a chronic disease such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Families endure and encounter long term difficulties when caring for a person suffering from MS. This study was conducted to explain the family experiences with multiple sclerosis and their problem and concerns.In a qualitative research, based on conventional content analysis, 18 family caregivers of patients with MS were selected by using purposive sampling method. Data were collected through semi-structured and in-depth interviews conducted at the Multiple Sclerosis Society and hospitals of Tabriz in Iran from May to December of 2015. Data were analyzed according to qualitative content analysis by using the MAXQDA.10 software. Interviews identified three main categories regarding family caregiver experiences with MS: 1) disease onset crisis, 2) disease burden, and 3) living in the shadow of death. The results showed that family caregivers of MS patients face numerous problems and they are at risk for depression and a lower quality of life due to disease burden. Also the results revealed the main concerns of families are financial problems and fear of paralysis and patient be crippled. Healthcare providers can use these results to better support and care for patients and their family members in order to improve their quality of life and reduce disease complications

Geochemistry and tectonic setting of Paleogene volcanic rocks of Rudbar in the south of Guilan, northern Iran: Implications for adakitic volcanism

IntroductionVolcanic rocks with adakitic nature, are outcropped, in the south of Rudbar city as a part of the Alborz magmatic zone and the northern part of the Alborz zone. Most of the rock units in this area are volcanic and pyroclastic belonging to the Tertiary age and specifically Middle Eocene.For this study, we present new data to understand the origin and tectonic setting of the adakitic early Cenozoic magmatism in the southern part of the western Alborz orogenic belt.Regional GeologyBased on the 1:100,000 Guilan geological map (Nazari and Salamati, 1998), the predominant geological units of the region include the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic stratigraphic units. The volcanic activity resulting from the subduction of an oceanic crust beneath the active continental margin of Alborz began in Paleocene and its peak is attributed to the Lutsin period (Nazari and Salamati, 1998).Materials and methods Following microscopic studies, 11 samples were analyzed at Actlabs Lab in Canada by ICP-MS method. IGPET and GCDKIT software were applied to draw diagrams and interpret the data.Petrography and Whole rocks chemistry The studied lavas consist mainly of dacite to trachy-dacite, rhyodacite, and rarely rhyolite. Abundant plagioclase as phenocrysts and microlites and rare amphibole, biotite, and quartz with hyaloporphyritic, microlithic porphyry to felsitic porphyry and microfelsitic textures are the dominant petrographic features of these rocks. Geochemically, they are characterized by mean value of 61.87 wt%< SiO2<66.54, 1.1 wt%<MgO<2.8 wt%,10 ppm<Y<14 ppm, 1.4 ppm<Yb<1.7 ppm, 450 ppm<Sr<1887 ppm as well as the average amounts of Sr/Y: 103.8, 10.5<(La/Yb)N<14.09 and 5.1<Yb/Lu<6.5. Thus, the overall geochemical data point to HAS characteristics of the rocks under study. On normalized spider diagram to chondrite, MORB, and primitive mantle, all rocks demonstrate subparallel trend, linear and homogeneous REE profiles with LILE and LREE enrichment together Ta, Nb, and Ti negative anomalies. As the tectonic diagrams display, all the studied samples are plotted in an arc volcanic granite field formed in a subduction environment in an active continental margin. Moreover, all the obtained geochemical data point to a high silica adakitic magma as the parent magma.DiscussionThe studied area lies in Alborz Mountain, which owing to the collision of two Eurasian and Arabian plates, where a Neo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere (Southern Caspian Sea Ocean or SCO)” is subducted beneath the Central Iranian continental lithosphere (Salavati et al, 2013), is an active deformation zone.The studied rocks formed in arc and subduction zones setting. Adakitic rocks in the arc setting can be produced by partial melting of a hot and young subducted oceanic slab and subduction of a very young oceanic crust (<5Ma) at depths of about 25 to 90 km is required to produce adakitic magma in the arc setting (Thorkelsona and Breitsprecher, 2005).In the north of the investigated area and south part of the Caspian Sea, an Alpian oceanic belonging late Cretaceous age was reported and named “Southern Caspian Sea Ocean (Salavati et al., 2013), which was subducted toward the south. Adakitic activity and not-adakitic magmatism continued to migrate toward the trench supporting a slab window model.The proposed tectonomagmatic model "Ridge-Trench", indicates that the studied lavas were generated in the Neothetyan supra-subduction zone.Based on this model, in the south of Guilan Province, SCO oceanic crust (and likely its ridge) has subducted towards the south the first because of a pressure change that might be caused by the extension and thinning of the overlying crust. A slab window was formed therefore in the source region, and partial melting occurred by asthenospheric upwelling. It looks like the adakitic rocks imply a deep source with a low magma source melting degree.ConclusionThe overall petrological and geochemical features of the studied lavas gave rise to the following conclusions:A new group of extrusive rocks, with remarkable geochemical characteristics of adakitic rocks, is outcropped in the south of Guilan ProvinceThese rocks are characterized by HFSE and HREE depletion relative to LILE and LREE and negative Nb, Ta, and Ti anomalies, suggesting the parent magmas were affected by subduction-related geochemical processes.On tectonic diagrams, the studied adakitic rocks plotted on an Active Continental Margin setting and they show HAS characteristics produced by 5% to 10% partial melting of an amphibolite garnet source from a hot and young Cenozoic slab subduction.All the geological and geochemical data indicate that the early Cenozoic adakitic magmas in the south of Guilan Province were generated in an extensional tectonic setting (Slab window setting) when the active spreading center of the Neo-Tethys oceanic (Southern Caspian Sea Ocean) subducted toward the south and produced a slab window. According to the proposed model, the active spreading center of the Neo-Tethys oceanic crust (Southern Caspian Sea Ocean) subducted toward the south and produced a slab window in the subducted oceanic lithosphere.AcknowledgmentsWe appreciate the Office of Graduate Studies of Islamic Azad University, Lahijan Branch

Investigating the Effect of Family-Work Conflict on Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Tendency to Leave the Job in the Personnel of Social Security Hospitals in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province in 2022

Introduction: Work-family conflict is a type of conflict between roles; the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of work-family conflict on musculoskeletal disorders and the tendency to leave job in the personnel of social security hospitals in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province in 2022. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, the statistical population is the medical personnel of the social security organization of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. The sample size includes 141 people. In order to collect the data, standard questionnaires of Nordic musculoskeletal disorders, Carlson and Kakmar's work-family conflict questionnaire and Lahey's quit questionnaire were used. SPSS18 software and Pearson correlation and regression tests were used to analyze the data.. Results: The average score of musculoskeletal disorders was 2.53±0.53 and the average percentage of the maximum score was 64%, the average score of work-family conflict was 3.09±0.61 and the average percentage of the maximum score was 61.8%, and the average score of inclination to leave the service, 2.68±0.70 and the average percentage of the maximum score was 53.6%. There was a positive relationship between musculoskeletal disorders and family-work conflict (p0.001. The results of the regression test showed that the work-family conflict and musculoskeletal disorders have a significant relationship with controlling the mediator role of leaving service (p<0.001). Conclusion: Considering the results, it is necessary to take necessary measures and interventions to improve the situation of work conflicts among employees to prevent leaving job and musculoskeletal disorders

Thermodynamics and kinetics of adsorption of Cu(II) from aqueous solutions onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Release of heavy metals into water as a result of industrial activities may pose a serious threat to the environment. The objective of this study is to assess the uptake of Cu2+ from aqueous solutions onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). The potential of the t-MWCNT to remove Cu2+ cations from aqueous solutions was investigated in batch reactor under different experimental conditions. The processing parameters such as initial concentration of Cu2+ ions, temperature, and adsorbent mass were also investigated. Copper uptake was quantitatively evaluated using the Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Kaganer–Radushkevich (DKR) models. In addition, the adsorption equilibrium was described well by the Langmuir isotherm model with maximum adsorption capacity of 12.34 mg/g of Cu2+ cations on t-MWCNT. Various thermodynamic parameters, such as ΔG0, ΔH0 and ΔS0 were calculated. The thermodynamics of Cu2+ cations adsorption onto t-MWCNT system pointed at spontaneous and endothermic nature of the process. Using the second-order kinetic constants, the activation energy of adsorption (Ea) was determined as 27.187 kJ/mol according to the Arrhenius equation

The Influence of Emotional Intelligence Enhancement on the Development of EFL Learners’ Listening Skill

English language as one of the most important international scientific languages used in Iran (and many other countries) is of crucial importance and a great amount of time and expenses are being invested on learning and teaching it. Increasing the speed of learning this language is certainly an urgent need, as many common people and academicians spend a lot of time on learning it, sometimes without a major breakthrough. Thus, the effect of increasing Emotional Intelligence on Listening Skill was examined in this study in an empirical way. An “Interchange Placement Test” was given to university students who studied English as a Foreign Language (EFL learners) in Iran. Subjects were Intermediate level students who also took an IELTS test, so that the researchers could more exactly evaluate their proficiency in listening skill at the beginning of the project. Next, the Emotional Intelligence of them was evaluated and consequently Emotional Intelligence (EQ/I) was taught. After a one educational-year course of concurrently teaching EI and listening skill, the same IELTS along with the EQ test was administered in treatment and control group. To observe the development in each category, the difference in scores of both EQ and IELTS test (pre-test and post-test) were statistically calculated. Ultimately, it was found that both EI and listening skill of the learners in treatment group were developed in a significant way whereas no significant change was detected in control group who did not receive any instructions on EI. The findings of the study can contribute in the promotion of the knowledge on the effect of emotional intelligence in language learning and also syllabus design

Comparison of Erector Spine Muscles Activity Patterns in Lowering between Subjects with and without History of Low Back Pain

Objective: The purpose of this research was to compare the erector spine flexion relaxation phenomenon between subjects with and without history of Low back pain. Materials & Methods: In this Quasi-experimental study, 15 persons with history of low back pain were selected simply from convenient samples and 15 healthy persons were selected by matching method. Surface Electromyography and Electrogoniometery were used. Subjects performed lifting and lowering tasks with load and without load as randomly, then Prolonged Static lumbar flexion were maintained for 7 minutes, then lifting and lowering tasks repeated. Erector spine Flexion relaxation phenomenon before and after prolonged static lumbar flexion (position), with and without load, in two groups were compared by 3 ways mixed ANOVA. Results: The interactions between Load * position (P=0.120) and group* load (P=0.365) were insignificant, but interaction between group * position were significant (P<0.001). After prolonged lumbar flexion position, erector spine flexion relaxation phenomenon started later in subjects with history of low back pain (P<0.001), but there is no different significant in subjects without history of low back pain (P=0.468). Conclusion: After prolonged lumbar flexion position, erector spine flexion relaxation phenomenon started later in subjects with history of low back pain, but there is no different significant in subjects without history of low back pain

Potential of nano crystalline calcium hydroxyapatite for Tin(II) removal from aqueous solutions: Equilibria and kinetic processes

The potential of the synthesized nano hydroxyapatite to remove Sn2+ from aqueous solutions was investigated in a batch reactor under different experimental conditions. The study also investigates the effects of process parameters such as initial concentration of Sn2+ ions, temperature, and adsorbent mass. Various thermodynamic parameters, such as ΔGo, ΔHo and ΔSo have been calculated. The thermodynamics of an Sn2+ ion onto nano HAp system indicates a spontaneous and endothermic nature of the process. Tin uptake was quantitatively evaluated using the Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Kaganer–Radushkevich models. The adsorption data follow the adsorption equilibrium described well by the Langmuir isotherm model with maximum adsorption capacity of 2500 mg/g of Sn2+ ions on nano HAp. Using the second-order kinetic constants, the activation energy of adsorption (Ea) was determined as 4.125 kJ mol−1 according to the Arrhenius equation

A Preliminary Study of the Objective Measurement of Compliance Rates for Semirigid Lumbar-Support Use in Patients with Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain: How Important Is the Compliance Rate?

Study DesignClinical pilot study.PurposeTo objectively evaluate the compliance rate of lumbar-support use in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain, as well as to assess low back pain intensity, disability, and fear-avoidance beliefs.Overview of LiteratureWearing time is an important factor in the assessment of the efficacy of lumbar-support use in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain. Previous studies have measured lumbar-support wearing time based on subjective assessment, and these evaluations are not easily verifiable and are usually overestimated by subjects.MethodsTwelve subjects with chronic nonspecific low back pain who had been wearing semirigid lumbar supports for 6 weeks were evaluated. Compliance was objectively monitored using temperature sensors integrated into the semirigid lumbar supports. Subjects wore their lumbar supports for 8 hour/day on workdays and 3 hour/day on holidays during the first 3 weeks. During the next 3 weeks, subjects were gradually weaned off the lumbar supports. Pain intensity was measured using a numerical rating scale. The Oswestry disability index was used to assess the subjects' disability. Fear-avoidance behavior was evaluated using a fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire.ResultsThe mean compliance rate of the subjects was 78.16%±13.9%. Pain intensity was significantly lower in patients with a higher compliance rate (p=0.001). Disability index and fear-avoidance beliefs (functional outcomes) significantly improved during the second 3-weeks period of the treatment (p<0.001, p=0.02, respectively).ConclusionsThe compliance rate of patients wearing lumbar supports is a determining factor in chronic low back pain management. Wearing semirigid lumbar supports, as advised, was associated with decreased pain intensity, improved disability index scores, and improved fear-avoidance beliefs in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain