27 research outputs found
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Estimating cavity tree and snag abundance using negative binomial regression models and nearest neighbor imputation methods
Cavity tree and snag abundance data are highly variable and contain many zero observations. We predict cavity tree and snag abundance from variables that are readily available from forest cover maps or remotely sensed data using negative binomial (NB), zero-inflated NB, and zero-altered NB (ZANB) regression models as well as nearest neighbor (NN) imputation methods. The models were developed and fit to data collected by the Forest Inventory and Analysis program of the US Forest Service in Washington, Oregon, and California. For predicting cavity tree and snag abundance per stand, all three NB regression models performed better in terms of mean square prediction error than the NN imputation methods. The most similar neighbor imputation, however, outperformed the NB regression models in predicting overall cavity tree and snag abundance
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Estimating Current Forest Attributes from Paneled Inventory Data Using Plot-Level Imputation: A Study from the Pacific Northwest
Information on current forest condition is essential to assess and characterize resources and to support resource management and policy decisions. The 1998 Farm Bill mandates the US Forest Service to conduct annual inventories to provide annual updates of each state's forest. In annual inventories, the sample size of I year (panel) is only a portion of the full sample and therefore the precision of the estimations for any given year is low. To achieve higher precision, the Forest Inventory and Analysis program uses a moving average (MA), which combines the data of multiple panels, as default estimator. The MA can result in biased estimates of current conditions and alternative methods are sought. Alternatives to MA have not yet been explored in the Pacific Northwest. Data from Oregon and Washington national forests were used to examine a weighted moving average (WMA) and three imputation approaches: most similar neighbor, gradient nearest neighbor, and randomForest (RF). Using the most recent measurements of the variables of interest as ancillary variables, RF provided almost unbiased estimates that were comparable to those of the MA and WMA estimators in terms of root mean square error.Keywords: nearest neighbor imputation, weighted moving average, missing panels, moving averag
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Evaluation of sampling methods to quantify abundance of hardwoods and snags within conifer-dominated riparian zones
âą Aims: Six sampling alternatives were examined for their ability to quantify selected attributes of snags and hardwoods in conifer-dominated riparian areas of managed headwater forests in western Oregon.
âą Methods: Each alternative was simulated 500 times at eight headwater forest locations based on a 0.52-ha square stem map. The alternatives were evaluated based on how well they estimated the number of hardwoods and snags per hectare and their basal area per hectare using root mean square error and percent bias.
âą Results: In general, 3.6-m wide systematic strips oriented perpendicular to the stream outperformed the other alternatives. However, the variance of all six sampling alternatives was quite high and further research is needed to determine an optimal sampling method for quantifying hardwood and snag attributes in forests dominated by live conifers.
âą Conclusion: When sampling snag and hardwood as a minor component of the overall forest composition within a riparian area, we suggest using 3.6-m strips perpendicular to the stream.Keywords: Stand structure, Monitoring, Pacific Northwest, Strip samplin
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Hostâparasite distributions under changing climate: Tsuga heterophylla and Arceuthobium tsugense in Alaska
Dwarf mistletoes (Arceuthobium species) influence many processes within forested ecosystems, but few studies have examined their distribution in relation to climate. An analysis of 1549 forested plots within a 14.5 million ha region of southeast Alaska provided strong indications that climate currently limits hemlock dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium tsugense (Rosendahl) G.N. Jones) to a subset of the range of its primary tree host, western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), with infection varying from a high of 20% of trees at sea level to only 5% by 200 m elevation. Three types of modeling approaches (logistic, most similar neighbors, and random forests) were tested for the ability to simultaneously predict abundance and distribution of host and pathogen as a function of climate variables. Current distribution was explained well by logistic models using growing degree-days, indirect and direct solar radiation, rainfall, snowfall, slope, and minimum temperatures, although accuracy for predicting A. tsugense presence at a particular location was only 38%. For future climate scenarios (A1B, A2, and B1), projected increases for A. tsugense habitat over a century ranged from a low of 374% to a high of 757%, with differences between modeling approaches contributing more to uncertainty than differences between climate scenarios
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Geostatistical modeling of riparian forest microclimate and its implications for sampling
Les modÚles de prédiction du microclimat pour différentes conditions de station dans les zones riveraines boisées
des cours dâeau de tĂȘte de bassin sont peu dĂ©veloppĂ©s et les procĂ©dures dâĂ©chantillonnage pour caractĂ©riser les gradients
sous-jacents du microclimat riverain sont rares. Nous avons utilisé des données de microclimat riverain collectées le long de
huit cours dâeau de tĂȘte de bassin dans la chaĂźne cĂŽtiĂšre de lâOregon pour comparer le krigeage ordinaire (KO), le krigeage
universel (KU) et le krigeage avec dérive externe (KDE) pour la prédiction localisée de la température moyenne maximale
de lâair (Tair). Plusieurs caractĂ©ristiques topographiques et de la structure de la forĂȘt ont Ă©tĂ© considĂ©rĂ©es comme paramĂštres
spĂ©cifiques Ă la station. LâĂ©lĂ©vation au-dessus du cours dâeau et la distance du cours dâeau Ă©taient les covariables les plus
importantes dans les modĂšles de KDE qui donnaient de meilleurs rĂ©sultats que le KO et le KU en termes dâĂ©cart-type. La
répartition des échantillons a été optimisée sur la base de la variance de krigeage et des moyennes pondérées du critÚre de
la plus courte distance Ă lâaide dâun algorithme de recuit simulĂ©. La rĂ©partition optimisĂ©e des Ă©chantillons donnait de meilleurs
résultats que la répartition systématique en termes de variance moyenne de krigeage, surtout lorsque le nombre
dâĂ©chantillons Ă©tait faible. Ces rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent des mĂ©thodes pour augmenter lâefficacitĂ© du suivi du microclimat dans les
zones riveraines.Predictive models of microclimate under various site conditions in forested headwater stream â riparian areas are poorly developed, and sampling designs for characterizing underlying riparian microclimate gradients are sparse. We used riparian microclimate data collected at eight headwater streams in the Oregon Coast Range to compare ordinary kriging (OK), universal kriging (UK), and kriging with external drift (KED) for point prediction of mean maximum air temperature (T air). Several topographic and forest structure characteristics were considered as site-specific parameters. Height above stream and distance to stream were the most important covariates in the KED models, which outperformed OK and UK in terms of root mean square error. Sample patterns were optimized based on the kriging variance and the weighted means of shortest distance criterion using the simulated annealing algorithm. The optimized sample patterns outperformed systematic sample patterns in terms of mean kriging variance mainly for small sample sizes. These findings suggest methods for increasing efficiency of microclimate monitoring in riparian areas
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Teaching in Contemporary Forest Resources Curricula: Applications to Courses in Forest Measurements and Biometrics
Foresters face new and evolving challenges as society reconsiders the balance of its interests between wood production and the provision of ecosystem services in the management of forests. Whatever paths this process may take, sound and broad-based decisions will continue to require accurate and relevant measurements of current forest conditions and projections of future conditions under alternative management programs. Forest measurements and biometrics (FMB) will remain a key component of future forest management and a critical element in the education of future forest managers. As professors who both teach and do research in FMB, we offer teaching goals that we believe will improve FMB education in forestry schools to meet future needs.
In the following sections, we outline teaching goals for university-level instruction in forest resources curricula and the roles of FMB in modern forestry. We then identify what we feel are the most critical challenges in teaching and learning FMB and discuss selected strategies to meet teaching objectives for FMB. A fourth section presents an overview of how selected strategies can be integrated into FMB classes, including examples and comments on the role that new technology might play in meeting the above-described challenges. The final section summarizes our main points and provides concluding remarks.This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Society of American Foresters and can be found at: http://www.safnet.org/publications/jof/index.cfm.Keywords: forest inventory and monitoring, teaching applied statistics, Pacific Northwest, forest analysis, forest pedagog
The changing culture of silviculture
Changing climates are altering the structural and functional components of forest ecosystems at an unprecedented rate. Simultaneously, we are seeing a diversification of public expectations on the broader sustainable use of forest resources beyond timber production. As a result, the science and art of silviculture needs to adapt to these changing realities. In this piece, we argue that silviculturists are gradually shifting from the application of empirically derived silvicultural scenarios to new sets of approaches, methods and practices, a process that calls for broadening our conception of silviculture as a scientific discipline. We propose a holistic view of silviculture revolving around three key themes: observe, anticipate and adapt. In observe, we present how recent advances in remote sensing now enable silviculturists to observe forest structural, compositional and functional attributes in near-real-time, which in turn facilitates the deployment of efficient, targeted silvicultural measures in practice that are adapted to rapidly changing constraints. In anticipate, we highlight the importance of developing state-of-the-art models designed to take into account the effects of changing environmental conditions on forest growth and dynamics. In adapt, we discuss the need to provide spatially explicit guidance for the implementation of adaptive silvicultural actions that are efficient, cost-effective and socially acceptable. We conclude by presenting key steps towards the development of new tools and practical knowledge that will ensure meeting societal demands in rapidly changing environmental conditions. We classify these actions into three main categories: reexamining existing silvicultural trials to identify key stand attributes associated with the resistance and resilience of forests to multiple stressors, developing technological workflows and infrastructures to allow for continuous forest inventory updating frameworks, and implementing bold, innovative silvicultural trials in consultation with the relevant communities where a range of adaptive silvicultural strategies are tested. In this holistic perspective, silviculture can be defined as the science of observing forest condition and anticipating its development to apply tending and regeneration treatments adapted to a multiplicity of desired outcomes in rapidly changing realities
The changing culture of silviculture
Changing climates are altering the structural and functional components of forest ecosystems at an unprecedented rate. Simultaneously, we are seeing a diversification of public expectations on the broader sustainable use of forest resources beyond timber production. As a result, the science and art of silviculture needs to adapt to these changing realities. In this piece, we argue that silviculturists are gradually shifting from the application of empirically derived silvicultural scenarios to new sets of approaches, methods and practices, a process that calls for broadening our conception of silviculture as a scientific discipline. We propose a holistic view of silviculture revolving around three key themes: observe, anticipate and adapt. In observe, we present how recent advances in remote sensing now enable silviculturists to observe forest structural, compositional and functional attributes in near-real-time, which in turn facilitates the deployment of efficient, targeted silvicultural measures in practice that are adapted to rapidly changing constraints. In anticipate, we highlight the importance of developing state-of-the-art models designed to take into account the effects of changing environmental conditions on forest growth and dynamics. In adapt, we discuss the need to provide spatially explicit guidance for the implementation of adaptive silvicultural actions that are efficient, cost-effective and socially acceptable. We conclude by presenting key steps towards the development of new tools and practical knowledge that will ensure meeting societal demands in rapidly changing environmental conditions. We classify these actions into three main categories: re-examining existing silvicultural trials to identify key stand attributes associated with the resistance and resilience of forests to multiple stressors, developing technological workflows and infrastructures to allow for continuous forest inventory updating frameworks, and implementing bold, innovative silvicultural trials in consultation with the relevant communities where a range of adaptive silvicultural strategies are tested. In this holistic perspective, silviculture can be defined as the science of observing forest condition and anticipating its development to apply tending and regeneration treatments adapted to a multiplicity of desired outcomes in rapidly changing realities
Trade-offs across densities and mixture proportions in lodgepole pine-hybrid spruce plantations
Monocultures tend to yield higher total stand volumes and are simple to manage. Yet, mixed species stands may result in similar stand volumes while providing benefits such as mitigating damage from insects and disease. To understand the effects of stand density and species mixture and their interactions on stand yield, tree size and morphology, and damage in monocultures and mixtures, we analyzed a 25-year-old experiment in interior British Columbia, Canada. The lodgepole pine (Pl)-interior hybrid spruce (Sx) experiment included three densities?1000, 1500, and 2000 stems per hectare (SPH)?and five species mixtures?1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, and 0:1 Pl:Sx. Results 25 years after stand establishment showed that stand volume was significantly larger with an increasing proportion of Pl across all stand densities. Pl had 10% larger diameters in the 1000 SPH than in the 2000 SPH and when mixed with Sx (1:1). Pl had larger crowns in mixtures regardless of density. Mixture proportion did not affect gall rust incidence or stem form in Pl, but reduced attack in Sx by spruce weevil. Our findings suggest that mixing Pl-Sx and high planting density decrease weevil attacks in Sx, which reduce loss in timber quality. Yet, Pl quality may decrease when mixed with Sx, due to larger Pl crowns. These results may be used to improve the implementation of management strategies that decrease trade-offs between yields, desired market tree sizes, and timber loss from pest and pathogens, while making the stands more resilient to further climate change impact
Difference in Regeneration Conditions in Pinus ponderosa Dominated Forests in Northern California, USA, over an 83 Year Period
Forest inventories based on field surveys can provide quantitative measures of regeneration
such as density and stocking proportion. Understanding regeneration dynamics is a key element that
supports silvicultural decision-making processes in sustainable forest management. The objectives
of this study were to: (1) describe historical regeneration in ponderosa pine dominated forests by
species and height class, (2) find associations of regeneration with overstory, soil, and topography
variables, (3) describe contemporary regeneration across various management treatments, and (4)
compare differences in regeneration between historical and contemporary forests. The study area,
a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosae Dougl. ex P. and C. Law) dominated forest, is located within the
Blacks Mountain Experimental Forest (BMEF) in northeastern California, United States, which was
designated as an experimental forest in 1934. We used 1935 and 2018 field surveyed regeneration
data containing information about three speciesâponderosa pine, incense-cedar (Calocedrus decurrens
(Torr.) Florin) and white fir (Abies concolor (Grod. and Glend)âand four height classes: class 1:
0â0.31 m, class 2: 0.31â0.91 m, class 3: 0.91â1.83 m, and class 4: >1.83 m and <8.9 cm diameter at
breast height. We used stocking as proxy for regeneration density in this study. We found that
historically, stocking in the BMEF was dominated by shade-intolerant ponderosa pine in height
classes 2 and 3. Two variablesâoverstory basal area per hectare (mÂČ haâ»Âč
) and available water
capacity at 150 cm, which is the amount of water that is available for plants up to a depth of 150 cm
from the soil surfaceâwere significantly associated with stocking, and a beta regression model
fit was found to have a pseudo-RÂČ of 0.49. We identified significant differences in contemporary
stocking among six management scenarios using a KruskalâWallis non-parametric one-way ANOVA.
Control compartments had the highest stocking followed by burned compartments. In contemporary
forest stands, recent treatments involving a combination of burning and thinning resulted in high
stocking in height classes 2 and 3. Overall, the stocking in historical BMEF stands was higher than in
contemporary stands and was dominated by ponderosa pine.Science, Faculty ofNon UBCResources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute forReviewedFacult