Formation of the Causal Pattern of the Return of Addiction Based on the Components of Perceived Child-rearing Practices, Coping styles and Hidden Propensities in the Recovered Without Return and Reborn

Background: Drug dependence is one of the most important public health problems in societies. The purpose of the research was to develop a model for the return of addiction based on the components of perceived parenting practices, coping styles and hidden propensities in recovered without return and recovered returns.Materials and Methods: The statistical population of this study consisted of all recovered clinics and drug addiction treatment centers in Gilan province (North of Iran) in the 2016-17. After passing the treatment period from the discharge center and obtaining a treatment period certificate, the health card they received at least one year of recovery when they performed this research. The sample group, which consisted of 300 patients aged 18 to 35 years with substance abuse history, were selected through available sampling method in two groups. In this research, in addition to obtaining personal information and obtaining a return status report, 5 tools were used as follows: perceived parenting skills questionnaire, coping skills scale, Adlerian basic scale for interpersonal success of adult version, opinion questionnaire Tempting, and perceived stress questionnaires. Data analyzed with LISREL software.Results: The path and probabilistic relationships between the phenomena were studied. Based on matrix analysis, variance, covariance and correlation matrix, we investigated the possible relationships between the phenomena studied paid. The path analysis was used to determine the model. There was a positive and significant relationship between perceived parenting style, lifestyle, coping styles, tempting beliefs and general stress with returning to addiction.Conclusion: To return of addiction we proposed use of perceived parenting style, lifestyle, coping styles, tempting beliefs and general stress

Evaluating spectral indices for determining conservation and conventional tillage systems in a vetch-wheat rotation

Conservation tillage (CT) systems, which consist of reduced and no-tillage systems, retain considerable quantities of crop residues on the soil surface. These crop residues perform as a barrier to wind and water to decrease soil erosion and evaporation. The use of remote sensing technology provides fast, objective and effective tool for estimating and measuring any agricultural event. The challenge is to differentiate the tillage systems by the crop residue cover on the soil surface. Spectrally derived normalized difference tillage index (NDTI), Shortwave infrared normalized difference residue index (SINDRI), cellulose absorption index (CAI) and Lignin-cellulose absorption index (LCA) were examined to distinguish their value as remote sensing methods for identifying crop residue cover in conventional and conservation tillage systems. Tillage treatments included conventional tillage (MD: Mouldboard plow+Disk harrow), reduced tillage (CD: Chisel plow+Disk harrow), minimum till (MT: Stubble cultivator), and no-tillage (NT1 and NT2: with standing stubble and standing stubble plus threshing residue, respectively). CAI had a linear relationship with crop residue cover, which the comparative intensity of cellulose and lignin absorption features near 2100 nm can be measure by it. Coefficients of determination (r2) for crop residue cover as a function of CAI and LCA were 0.89 and 0.79 respectively. Absorption specifications near 2.1 and 2.3 µm in the reflectance spectra of crop residues in minimum and no- tillage systems were related to cellulose and lignin. These specifications were not evident in the spectra of conventional tillage system. In this study the best index to use was CAI, which showed complete separation tillage systems, followed by LCA and NDTI. Four tillage intensity classes, corresponding to intensive (<6% residue cover), reduced (10–20% cover) minimum (25–40%) and no-tillage (>60% cover) tillage, were recognized in this study