The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in the Asia-Pacific region: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The final article in a series of three publications examining the global distribution of 41 dominant vector species (DVS) of malaria is presented here. The first publication examined the DVS from the Americas, with the second covering those species present in Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Here we discuss the 19 DVS of the Asian-Pacific region. This region experiences a high diversity of vector species, many occurring sympatrically, which, combined with the occurrence of a high number of species complexes and suspected species complexes, and behavioural plasticity of many of these major vectors, adds a level of entomological complexity not comparable elsewhere globally. To try and untangle the intricacy of the vectors of this region and to increase the effectiveness of vector control interventions, an understanding of the contemporary distribution of each species, combined with a synthesis of the current knowledge of their behaviour and ecology is needed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Expert opinion (EO) range maps, created with the most up-to-date expert knowledge of each DVS distribution, were combined with a contemporary database of occurrence data and a suite of open access, environmental and climatic variables. Using the Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) modelling method, distribution maps of each DVS were produced. The occurrence data were abstracted from the formal, published literature, plus other relevant sources, resulting in the collation of DVS occurrence at 10116 locations across 31 countries, of which 8853 were successfully geo-referenced and 7430 were resolved to spatial areas that could be included in the BRT model. A detailed summary of the information on the bionomics of each species and species complex is also presented.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This article concludes a project aimed to establish the contemporary global distribution of the DVS of malaria. The three articles produced are intended as a detailed reference for scientists continuing research into the aspects of taxonomy, biology and ecology relevant to species-specific vector control. This research is particularly relevant to help unravel the complicated taxonomic status, ecology and epidemiology of the vectors of the Asia-Pacific region. All the occurrence data, predictive maps and EO-shape files generated during the production of these publications will be made available in the public domain. We hope that this will encourage data sharing to improve future iterations of the distribution maps.</p

The Effect Of Longitudinal Oscillations On Fluid Flow And Heat Transfer From Vertical Surfaces In Free Convection.

PhDMechanical engineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/185898/2/6400810.pd

The effect of longitudnial oscillations on fluid flow and heat transfer from vertical surfaces in free conversion

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/4823/5/bac1536.0001.001.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/4823/4/bac1536.0001.001.tx

STUDIES ON THE IRRITABILITY OF A FIELD POPULATION OF ANOPHELES MACULIPENNIS AND ANOPHELES SUPERPICTUS TO DDT

A series of DDT irritability tests with adult A. maculipennis typicus and A. superpictus were carried out in the Isfahan area in August-September, 1970. The observations on irritability were measured in accordance with the WHO method arid the natural populations of anopheline mosquitoes were used. The tests were carried out in a light intensity of approximately 8 foot candles. The engorged mosquitoes were captured in various villages that had not been treated with DDT since 1964. Note was taken of the number of take-off by anopheline mosquitoes from the impregnated filter paper during a period of 15 minutes. The temperature of the testing room was approximately 25°C.-27°C and the tests were carried out between 9 a.m. and 2 p.m. It was noted that there was a great difference in the average number of take-offs between the control mosquitoes and the mosquitoes exposed to DDT. The average number of take-offs for A. maculipennis exposed to 2% DDT was observed to be between 17.1 and 21, and for 4% DDT, between 25.95 and 26.8; for A. superpictus exposed to 2% DDT, it was between 17.8 and 21. The average number of take-cm-s, for the control group was between zero and one. The levels of irritability for the strains of A.maculipennis and A. superpictus were about the same with no statistically significant difference in irritability for 2% DDT. However, significant difference in irritability was observed with A. maculipennis exposed to 2% and 4% DDT

"LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS ON THE IRRITABILITY OF ANOPHELES ATROPARVUS AND ANOPHELES STEPHENSI TO DDT "

Two strains of Anopheles atroparvus, one resistant and another sceptible to DDT and two of Anopheles stephensi, one resistant and one susceptible to DDT were tested for their irritability to DDT. Various laboratory investigations of the effects of insecticides on mosquito behavior and their irritability were carried out. In these series of experiments a comparison was made between the results obtained by a tentative method proposed in 1960 by the WHO, Expert Committee on Insecticides in which the mosquitoes are confined over the treated surface in a small plastic chamber and in a large cage. Under the large cage conditions DDT-resistant A. stephensi were more readily irritated by the insecticide than a susceptible strain of the same specie