Equilibrium of Land Values from Agricultural and General Economic Factors for Cropland and Pasture Capitalization in Georgia

Nonagricultural factors impact land values to cause a divergence of discounted cash rents for agricultural land and land values in Georgia. General economic factors are represented by per capita income in nonmetro areas. Cash rents for cropland and pasture have positive impacts on land values. Nonagricultural factors are stronger influences on land values than are cash rents. Greater effective demand exists for pasture than for cropland because pasture is subject to relatively more pricing pressure in northern counties with higher incomes and population. Increased land values have led to increased net wealth for Georgia agricultural producers.capitalization, cash rent, cointegration, equilibrium, error correction mechanism, land values, Land Economics/Use,

COMPARING LAND VALUES AND CAPITALIZATION OF CASH RENTS FOR CROPLAND AND PASTURE IN GEORGIA

Nonagricultural factors impact land values to cause a divergence of discounted cash rents for agricultural land and land values. Focus is given to the portion of land values attributable to discounted cash rents. Unique characteristics for cropland and pasture lead to differences in capitalization rates. Nonagricultural factors are greatest for pasture. Keywords: land values, cash rents, capitalization, discounted cash rents, cropland, pastureland values, cash rents, capitalization, discounted cash rents, cropland, pasture, Land Economics/Use,

A two-layer shallow water model for bedload sediment transport: convergence to Saint-Venant-Exner model

A two-layer shallow water type model is proposed to describe bedload sediment transport. The upper layer is filled by water and the lower one by sediment. The key point falls on the definition of the friction laws between the two layers, which are a generalization of those introduced in Fern\'andez-Nieto et al. (ESAIM: M2AN, 51:115-145, 2017). This definition allows to apply properly the two-layer shallow water model for the case of intense and slow bedload sediment transport. Moreover, we prove that the two-layer model converges to a Saint-Venant-Exner system (SVE) including gravitational effects when the ratio between the hydrodynamic and morphodynamic time scales is small. The SVE with gravitational effects is a degenerated nonlinear parabolic system. This means that its numerical approximation is very expensive from a computational point of view, see for example T. Morales de Luna et al. (J. Sci. Comp., 48(1): 258-273, 2011). In this work, gravitational effects are introduced into the two-layer system without such extra computational cost. Finally, we also consider a generalization of the model that includes a non-hydrostatic pressure correction for the fluid layer and the boundary condition at the sediment surface. Numerical tests show that the model provides promising results and behave well in low transport rate regimes as well as in many other situations

Morphological and physiological characteristics of endornavirus-infected and endornavirus-free near-isogenic lines of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum)

Plant endornaviruses are persistent viruses that infect plants without causing symptoms. Although endornaviruses have been reported in many economically important plant species, little is known about the effect they have on their hosts. Bell pepper endornavirus (BPEV) has been reported in cultivated peppers (Capsicum spp.). In commercial cultivars of bell pepper (C. annuum) grown in the United States, this virus is found at prevalence rates of 100%. Two bell pepper near-isogenic lines (NILs), one BPEV-infected and the other BPEV-free, were generated and used to investigate the type of symbiotic relationship between BPEV and bell pepper. Selected morphological and physiological characteristics of the NILs were evaluated. The overall appearance of the two NILs was similar. When compared with the BPEV-infected line, the BPEV-free line had a significantly higher percentage of seed germination. The plant height, number of fruits, and total fruit weight was higher in plants of the BPEV-free line than in plants of the BPEV-infected line; however, in most experiments, the differences were not statistically significant (p \u3c 0.05). Other characteristics between the two lines, such as, stem diameter, percentage of dry weight, fruit volume, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and anthocyanin content, were similar. The results obtained in this investigation suggest that for the evaluated characters, BPEV appears to have a weak parasitic relationship with the host