Single-housed cynomolgus monkey behavioural repertoire and time budget.

<p>Collected detailed items (adapted from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0062141#pone.0062141-Crockett1" target="_blank">[24]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0062141#pone.0062141-Brent1" target="_blank">[40]</a>) were then grouped for multiple component analysis (MCA). Considering the 40 individuals, the mean percentages of occurrence and standard error means (SEM) were calculated for each grouped behaviour and represented the time budget of this single-housed population (right column).</p

Physiological profiles of the 5 behaviourally-discriminated clusters.

<p>The mean plasmatic or spinal concentrations (± standard error means) per cluster are reported below for the following measured variables: adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); cortisol; serotonin (5-HT); 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA); dopamine (DA); homovanillic acid (HVA); 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC); and norepinephrine (NE). No statistical difference was found (see <b><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0062141#pone.0062141.s002" target="_blank">Table S1</a></b> for full Kruskal-Wallis statistics).</p

Five behavioural profiles resulting from hierarchical cluster analysis.

<p>Following the MCA (<b><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0062141#pone.0062141.s001" target="_blank">Figure S1</a></b>) of the single-housed animals, a hierarchical cluster analysis was performed and resulted in 5 groups (n_A = 14, n_B = 14, n_C = 5, n_D = 4, n_E = 3). For each variable collected, the mean percentages of occurrence were calculated among the 5 groups. The radar profiles of group A (<b>A</b>), group B (<b>B</b>), group C (<b>C</b>), group D (<b>D</b>) and group E (<b>E</b>) were created using a selection of collected variables (<b>F</b>). The radar legend of the radars is explained on panel <b>F</b>. Each axis of the radar indicates the mean percentage of occurrence for a given variable: a behaviour (from 1 to 9), a body posture (from 10 to 13), a body orientation (from 14 to 16), a location in the cage (from 17 to 18) or a gaze direction (from 19 to 22). The abbreviations “B.” and “env.” stand for “behaviour” and “environment”. On graphs <b>A to E</b>, significant p-values in Mann-Whitney U tests before (small-letters, p<0.05) and after (capital letters, p<0.005) a Bonferroni adjustment are indicated. In front of each axis, the letters represent the groups versus which the p-values are significantly different for a given variable. P-values between quotation marks (« ») indicate significance (p<0.05) if small group size correction was not applied. See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0062141#pone-0062141-t003" target="_blank"><b>Table 3</b></a> for detailed time budget per cluster and <b><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0062141#pone.0062141.s002" target="_blank">Table S1</a></b> for full Kruskal-Wallis statistics.</p

Location, gaze direction, body posture and orientation items displayed by single-housed cynomolgus monkeys.

<p>Collected detailed items were then grouped for multiple component analysis (MCA). Considering the 40 individuals, the mean percentages of occurrence and standard error means (SEM) were calculated for each grouped variable (right column).</p

Behavioural profiles of the 5 clusters and statistical comparisons.

<p>The mean percentages of occurrence (with regard to the 90 scans) and standard error means (SEM) per cluster are reported below for a selection of collected variables. The “behavioural diversity” is a mean number of distinct behaviours observed during the 90 scans. The “behavioural switch” between successive scans was calculated using a score for each scan: 0 if the behaviour was the same as in the previous scan, or 1 if it was different; the scores were added up within one session and transformed in a percentage with regard to the 15 scans of a session. The abbreviation “B.” stands for behaviour. Significant p-values after Kruskal-Wallis test are indicated by stars (*) in the left column (*: p<0.05; **: p<0.01; ***: p<0.001). Significant p-values in Mann-Whitney U tests before (small-letters, p<0.05) and after (capital letters, p<0.005) a Bonferroni adjustment are indicated on the right side of the SEM. The letters represent the groups versus which the p-values are significantly different for a given variable. P-values between quotation marks (« ») indicate significance (p<0.05) if small group size correction was not applied. Statistics concerning the “behaviours expressed whilst in a slumped posture” included only the 32 individuals that expressed this body posture at least once during the observations (H_(4,32)). Group sizes including these individuals are indicated in the corresponding columns. See <b><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0062141#pone.0062141.s002" target="_blank">Table S1</a></b> for full Kruskal-Wallis statistics.</p

Physiological profiles of the 5 behaviourally-discriminated groups.

<p>The mean concentrations (± standard error means) of plasmatic ACTH (pg/mL) (<b>A</b>) and plasmatic cortisol (ng/mL) (<b>B</b>) and of CSF serotonin (5-HT), CSF 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), CSF dopamine (DA), CSF homovanillic and CSF 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acids (HVA and DOPAC), and CSF norepinephrin (NE) (<b>C</b>) are presented for the 5 hierarchical cluster analysis-resulting groups (n_A = 14, n_B = 14 in plasma and 12 in CSF, n_C = 5, n_D = 4, n_E = 3) on panels <b>A, B</b> and <b>C</b>, respectively. Symbols indicate individual values from groups A (black circle), B (grey square), C (dark grey triangle pointing up), D (light grey triangle pointing down) and E (white diamond shape) while black lines indicate the group means. See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0062141#pone-0062141-t004" target="_blank"><b>Table 4</b></a> for mean concentrations per cluster and <b><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0062141#pone.0062141.s002" target="_blank">Table S1</a></b> for full Kruskal-Wallis statistics.</p

Behavioural and postural time budgets of single-housed cynomolgus monkeys.

<p>The percentages of occurrence with regards to the total number of scans were calculated for each collected variable. A few collected (in <i>italics</i>) or grouped (regular font) variables are reported in this graph. Grey spots indicate individual values while black lines indicate the mean of the 40 individuals. “B” and “manip” stand for “behaviour” and “manipulation”. See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0062141#pone-0062141-t001" target="_blank"><b>Tables </b><b>1</b></a><b> and </b><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0062141#pone-0062141-t002" target="_blank"><b>2</b></a> for a detailed description of each variable.</p

Three behavioural profiles resulting from hierarchical cluster analysis in wild-born animals.

<p>Following the MCA of the wild-born animals, a hierarchical cluster analysis was performed and resulted in 3 groups (n_H = 31, n_I = 8, n_J = 1). For each variable collected, the mean percentages of occurrence were calculated among the 3 groups. The radar profiles of group H (<b>panel </b><b>A)</b>, group I (<b>panel </b><b>B)</b>, and group J (<b>panel </b><b>C)</b> were created using a selection of collected variables (<b>panel </b><b>D</b>). The radar legend of the radars is explained on panel <b>D</b>. Each axis of the radar indicates the mean percentage of occurrence for a given variable: a behaviour (purple numbers from 1 to 7), a body posture (brown numbers from 8 to 12), a body orientation (red numbers from 13 to 17), a location in the cage (blue numbers from 18 to 19) or a distance to nearest peer (green numbers from 20 to 22). The abbreviations “B.”, “d.” and “env.” stand for “behaviour”, “distance” and “environment”. Significant p-values after Kruskal-Wallis tests are indicated by stars (*: p<0.05;**: p<0.01;***: p<0.001). On graphs <b>A and B</b>, significant p-values in Mann-Whitney U tests are indicated (p<0.05) by capital letters (H or I: versus cluster H or I respectively). As cluster J (<b>panel C</b>) contains only 1 animal, Mann-Whitney U tests could not be performed with its data.</p

Seven behavioural profiles resulting from hierarchical cluster analysis in captive-born animals.

<p>Following the MCA of the captive-born animals, a hierarchical cluster analysis was performed and resulted in 7 groups (n_A = 1, n_B = 3, n_C = 8, n_D = 8, n_E = 2, n_F = 14, n_G = 4). For each variable collected, the mean percentages of occurrence were calculated among the 7 groups. The radar profiles of group A (<b>panel </b><b>A)</b>, group B (<b>panel B</b>), group C (<b>panel </b><b>C)</b>, group D (<b>panel D</b>), group E (<b>panel </b><b>E)</b>, group F (<b>panel </b><b>F</b>) and group G (<b>panel </b><b>G)</b> were created using a selection of collected variables (<b>panel </b><b>H</b>). The radar legend of the radars is explained on panel <b>H</b>. Each axis of the radar indicates the mean percentage of occurrence for a given variable: a behaviour (purple numbers from 1 to 7), a body posture (brown numbers from 8 to 12), a body orientation (red numbers from 13 to 17), a location in the cage (blue numbers from 18 to 19) or a distance to nearest peer (green numbers from 20 to 22). The abbreviations “B.”, “d.” and “env.” stand for “behaviour”, “distance” and “environment”. Significant p-values after Kruskal-Wallis tests are indicated by stars (*: p<0.05;**: p<0.01;***: p<0.001).</p

Occurrence of behaviours in 40 captive- and 40 wild-born monkeys and statistical comparisons.

<p>The mean percentages of occurrence (with regard to the 240 scans) and standard error means (SEM) per populations are reported below for a selection of collected variables. The behavioural diversity is the mean number of distinct behaviours observed during the 240 scans. The abbreviations “B.” and “d.” stand for behaviour and distance. Statistics and significant p-values in Mann-Whitney U tests comparing captive- and wild-born animals are reported in the right column (*: p<0.05;**: p<0.01;***: p<0.001).</p