Export-led or household consumption-led growth in China: An empirical analysis

Abstract. GDP growth dependence on various factors of the country during (1980-2013) 34 years has been estimated. Ordinary Least Squares Technique of regression is applied here. The results are indicative of incidence of devaluation in the Yuan taking real effective and nominal exchange rate. Further, incidence of systematic impact of capital formation on GDP growth is greater than that of the international trade and domestic household consumption expenditure. That signifies the importance of domestic economy in contrast to the general belief of external sector dependence of the Chinese growth.Keywords. Currency devaluation, GDP growth, Regression.JEL. F13, F43, O47, E21

War and peace: Towards an understanding of the theology of jihad.

The growing number of terrorist attacks waged by Islamic fundamentalists has led to an increasing desire to understand the nature of jihad. These attacks have led to a renewed sense of urgency to find answers to such questions as why these attacks occur, and who they are waged against. Towards this end I turn to examine the political philosophy of four Muslim theologians. Specifically I look at the political philosophy of Sayyid Qutb, Shah Walai Allah Dihlawai, Ibn Rushd (Averroes), and Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawy. I find that the notion of jihad is very inconclusive. Furthermore, the question of jihad revolves largely around the question of whether or not individuals can be reasoned with, and secondly whether religion should be compelled upon individuals

Impact of Authentic Leadership on Organizational Citizenship Behavior by Using The Mediating Effect of Psychological Ownership

The study objective was to examine the role of psychological ownership as a mediator concerning organizational citizenship behavior and authentic leadership. A structured questionnaire was selected to gather primary data from 300 respondents of the telecom sector of Lahore; 263 questionnaires were selected valid. This research use employees of four different companies in the telecom sector as samples. This research uses correlation, independent sample t-test, and one-way ANOVA. The empirical result shows that authentic leadership positively relates to organizational citizenship behavior. According to the findings of this study, psychological ownership partially mediates the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and authentic leadership among the employees of the telecommunication sector of Pakistan. The Implication of this study is limited to the telecom sector of Pakistan. How to Cite:Shaikh, E., Watto, W. A., & Tunio, M. N. (2022). Impact of Authentic Leadership on Organizational Citizenship Behavior by Using The Mediating Effect on Psychological Ownership. Etikonomi, 21(1), 89-102. https://doi.org/10.15408/etk.v21i1.18968

Impact of Terrorism on International tourism demand

Tourists seek safe and secure destinations and avoid that of overwhelmed with terrorism. This study quantifies the relationship between terrorism and international tourism demand in 200 destination countries and regions for the period of 1995 to 2020. To achieve the objective, the study implied two-dimensional analyses by using the gravity model through Pooled ordinary least square estimator to pay special attention towards demand distribution. Our empirical results depict that, terrorism and terrorism in a destination country has a statistically insignificant relationship on international tourism demand, more specifically, here radical decline in GDP was observed in the sub-period 2006 – 2020 due to the global financial crisis and its aftershocks which badly affects tourist’s attraction to destination countries. This study pinpoints new insights for national tourism policymakers and business purposes.          &nbsp

Empirical analysis of relationship between investment, good governance and GDP growth rate in Pakistan (1996-2016)

Abstract. Progress and prosperity of the nations, directly or indirectly depend on economic growth of the country. High and stable GDP growth rate indicate economic strength of the nation, which depend on various economic and non-economic factors. Investment (i.e. both private and public) provides significant contribution to the economic growth and development in a country. On the other hand, non-economic factors also play an important role in developing productive environment and enhancing productive capacity of the economy. Pakistan is a developing country and its weak and unstable economy demands high and stable GDP growth rate while it is subsisting on low and unstable GDP growth rate. Therefore, it is required to explore major economic and non-economic factors that hinder the GDP growth rate in Pakistan. In order to find out empirical impact of economic and non-economic factors on GDP growth rate in Pakistan, ARDL approach was applied on time series data during the period of 1996 to 2016. Empirical results confirmed the existence of log run relationship between dependent and independent variables. In addition, the speed of adjustment was not found to be very high (i.e. -0.35362). On the basis of study results, therefore, it is suggested that there is a need of economic reforms and implementation of effective policies that can make economy of Pakistan strong and stable, which in turn enable the country’s economy to grow faster and to compete in international market.Keywords. Private investment, Gross Domestic Product, Political stability, Corruption, Economic growth, Time series data, Pakistan.JEL. F40, F43

Industry 4.0 and Business Policy Development: Strategic Imperatives for SME Performance

Industry 4.0 presents companies with new prospects to renovate industrial manufacturing processes and increase value creation, has promised several optimizing strategies for improved business performance. The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between innovation capability and employee capability on organizational performance among Small and Medium Scale industries entrepreneurs. Following a positivist research philosophy with a quantitative, cross-sectional descriptive study design, the study addressed three direct and two indirect relationships in the model. The research followed the expectation Resource-Based View Theory to test the theoretical model. Following stratified random sampling, this research using 384 SME entrepreneurs from the Selangor state of Malaysia. The study applied Smart PLS-SEM to analyze the data. The results show that SME firms' innovation capability and employee capability positively correlate with business performance. The study also shows the partial mediation effect of technology change on innovation capability and business performance and employee capability and business performance. Research extends practical and theoretical implications to the stakeholders of SMEs and businesses.JEL Classification: L25, L26, L29How to Cite:Govindarajo, N. S., Kumar M, D., Shaikh, E., Kumar, M., & Kumar, P. (2021). Industry 4.0 and Business Policy Development: Strategic Imperatives for SME Performance. Etikonomi, 20(2), 213 – xx. https://doi.org/10.15408/etk.v20i2.20143

Funding liquidity on bank lending growth: The case of India

PURPOSE: By bridging the funding gap between funding surplus units and deficit units, financial institutions like banks play a crucial role in fostering economic development in a nation. Banks provide the crucial task of organizing individual and institutional resources and directing them to those prepared to engage in business ventures or other productive uses. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the relation between funding liquidity and bank lending growth (BLG). An empirical analysis between bank capital and the funding liquidity ratio on bank lending growth (BLG) using the generalized method of moments (GMM) approach for the sustainable business has been not identified before. Therefore, this study tries to fill this gap. METHODOLOGY: The data was collected from 59 commercial banks in India from 2010 to 2022 which comprises of 21 public sector banks, 18 private sector banks, and 20 foreign banks. The GMM approach was what we employed. This strategy is typically utilized in situations in which the distribution of the data is uncertain and there is a concern with over identification. GMM offers a consistent, asymptotically normal, and efficient estimator in comparison to all of the other estimators that merely use the information presented by the moment conditions. FINDINGS: Findings suggests that there is a significantly negative influence of bank capital and funding liquidity on bank lending. This indicates that higher capital can limit the effect of funding liquidity on the growth of the banks’ loans, therefore the findings are consistent with the hypothesis that higher capital can lower the effect of funding liquidity. This study’s model also reveals the significantly favorable impact that funding liquidity has on the expansion of banks’ loan portfolios, which ultimately results in a more sophisticated increase in the growth rate of bank lending. IMPLICATIONS: This can be an importance piece of information for policy makers in taking accurate decisions to induce the BLG in the presence of an interactive association of funding liquidity and the lending growth rate at different capital levels. We found that the banks’ lending growth rate is significantly influenced by its past values with a significant p-value of less than 1%. The findings imply that capital funds and liquidity funds support the BLG rate in India by strengthening and neutralising the risk involved and absorbing the losses generated by stressed assets. ORIGINALITY AND VALUE: This study makes a significant contribution to the creation of a more in-depth understanding of the potential relationship between banks’ funding liquidity, capital funds, and bankers’ lending behavior, in particular with reference to developing market nations like India

Avicennia marina and its sediments: potential indicators of heavy metal pollution

An ecological survey was carried out to determine the level of heavy metals in the mangrove flora and sediment along the Korangi creek (KC) and Sandspit back waters (SP) of the Karachi coast. The heavy metals included in this study are Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cr, Co and Ni. The metal concentration was found to be higher in mangrove sediment than flora. Fe and Mn concentration were predominant at both the sampling sites whereas Co concentration was least. The study reveals the less contaminated area of Sandpit back water than of Korangi creek

Empirical analysis of non economic determinants of private investment in Pakistan (1969-2016)

Abstract. Private and public investment has own contribution to the growth process of an economy. Private investment is very crucial for economic growth and poverty reduction. Whereas, public investment contributes positively to economic growth through enhancing the productivity of private investment (Ang, 2009). Various empirical studies in developing countries showed that economies led by the private sector achieved better economic performance than the one led by the state. Pakistan has a very sluggish growth in private sector which is a major cause of slow economic growth in the country. So, it is very important to explore the factors which can stimulate the private sector investment in Pakistan. Therefore, this research is designed to find out major non economic determinants which can stimulate or hinder the private investment in Pakistan. Studies on non economic determinants are not sufficient in Pakistan so this study will fill the Gap. In this study for estimation, ARDL approach was applied on time series secondary data (i.e. from 1969 to 2016). The empirical evidence confirms that there exists a long run relationship exist between dependent and independent variables in the model. Furthermore, in the long run, corruption, political instability and violence have significantly negative impact on private investment. Results also suggested that in the short run, the disequilibrium is rapidly adjusted. Based on study results, it is recommended that policy makers develop more effective policies of good governance to improve the private investment.Keywords. Private investment, Corruption, Political instability, Violence, Time series data, Pakistan.JEL. D72, D73, E20, E22

Impact of authentic leadership on organizational citizenship behavior by using the mediating effect of psychological ownership

The study objective was to examine the role of psychological ownership as a mediator concerning organizational citizenship behavior and authentic leadership. A structured questionnaire was selected to gather primary data from 300 respondents of the telecom sector of Lahore; 263 questionnaires were selected valid. This research use employees of four different companies in the telecom sector as samples. This research uses correlation, independent sample t-test, and one-way ANOVA. The empirical result shows that authentic leadership positively relates to organizational citizenship behavior. According to the findings of this study, psychological ownership partially mediates the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and authentic leadership among the employees of the telecommunication sector of Pakistan. The Implication of this study is limited to the telecom sector of Pakistan. How to Cite