Promjene u razini ugljikove anhidraze i histopatologiji škrga i jetre kalifornijske pastrve nakon izlaganja klorpirifosu

Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate pesticide widely used in agriculture and aquaculture. This study investigated its effects on carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme activity and histopathology of rainbow trout gill and liver. The fish were exposed to 2.25 (25 % of 96 h LC50), 4.5 (50 % of 96 h LC50), and 6.75 μg L-1 (75 % of 96 h LC50) of chlorpyrifos for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. CA activity was measured in liver and gills and histopathological changes were examined by light microscopy. The most common liver changes at most of the chlorpyrifos concentrations were hyperaemia and degenerative changes. Gill tissues were characterised by lamellar hyperaemia, lamellar oedemas, clumping, cellular degeneration, hyperplasia, and lamellar atrophy. CA enzyme activity in the gills decreased at all concentrations at 48, 72, and 96 h after exposure to chlorpyrifos (p<0.05). Similarly, there was a time-dependent decrease in CA activity at all of the concentrations in liver tissues (p<0.05). The present study indicated that chlorpyrifos inhibits CA enzyme activity and causes histopathological damage in gill and liver tissues.Klorpirifos je organofosforni pesticid široke primjene u poljoprivredi i ribarstvu. U ovome radu istražili smo njegov učinak na aktivnost enzima ugljikove anhidraze te histopatologiju škrga i jetre u kalifornijske pastrve. Ribe su bile izložene klorpirifosu u koncentracijama 2,25 μg L-1 (25 % 96-satnog LC50), 4,5 μg L-1 (50 % 96-satnog LC50) i 6,75 μg L-1 (75 % 96-satnog LC50) tijekom 24, 48, 72 i 96 sati. Aktivnost ugljikove anhidraze mjerena je u jetri i škrgama, a histopatološke promjene promatrane su svjetlosnom mikroskopijom. Najčešće promjene u jetri pri većini koncentracija bile su hiperemija i degenerativne promjene. Na tkivu škrga primijećeni su hiperemija i edemi u škržnim listićima, sljepljivanje i degeneracija stanica, hiperplazija te atrofija škržnih listića. Aktivnost ugljikove anhidraze u škrgama smanjila se pri svim koncentracijama nakon 48, 72 i 96 sati izloženosti (p<0.05). Također je uočeno i smanjenje aktivnosti ugljikove anhidraze u jetri ovisno o duljini izloženosti pri svim koncentracijama (p<0.05). Dobiveni rezultati upućuju na to da klorpirifos inhibira aktivnost ugljikove anhidraze i izaziva značajna histopatološka oštećenja u škrgama i jetri

COURSE LOAD OF TEACHING STAFF IN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES IN TURKEY

The period of globalization and transition to the information society that we live in causes an increment in the demands and expectations each passing day from the universities whose main duties are to make education-training, to do academic research and to serve the country and humanity. As a result of this increasing demands and expectations an important transformation period is being had in the higher education institutions in Turkey; number of universities, faculties, scools, institutes, departments and students/quotas are increasing every year. In this study; it is tried to be reviewed by calculating the time that the teaching staff, who work full time in the universities, need to spend for the education and training duty. In the study; the data of 53 universities were used that were set up before 2006 and the assessments were carried out based on their payments for additional course hours between 2006-2009.</p

Mycobacterium bovis tuberculosis in a neonatal holstein calf

In this study, a case of exudative type tuberculosis due to M. bovis infection was identified in a 2 month-old Holstein female calf that was treated with antibiotic treatment due to cough and respiratory problems in the neonatal period. Systemic necropsy revealed caseific nodules scattered across the entire lung, except the dorsal parts of the caudal lobes of the lung, and prominent interlobular edema was observed in the dorsal caudal regions. Histopathologically, exudative lesions that extensive caseification necrosis and calcification with diffuse inflammatory cells and Langhans type giant cells without fibrous capsule were seen in the lung parenchyma. Smaller and lesser number of similar granulomas was found in the liver and brain. Acid resistant bacteria in Ziehl-Neelsen staining were determined to be Mycobacterium bovis in immunohistochemical staining. It is aimed to draw attention to the fact that bovine tuberculosis should be considered as one of the important diseases affecting the calves in the neonatal period and may cause serious economic losses if no measures are taken

Protective Role of Ginkgo biloba Against Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity in Uranium-Treated Mice

ORUC, Ertan/0000-0003-4234-8219WOS: 000274329600025PubMed: 20136453The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective role of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract against uranium (U)-induced toxicity in Swiss albino mice. The mice were randomly divided into six groups, each consisting of six animals: Group I (control) received tap water alone, Group II received U at a dose of 5 mg/kg of body weight, Group III received G. biloba at a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight, Group IV received G. biloba at a dose of 150 mg/kg of body weight, Group V received G. biloba (50 mg/kg of body weight) and U (5 mg/kg of body weight), and Group VI received G. biloba (150 mg/kg of body weight) and U (5 mg/kg of body weight) by oral gavage for 5 days. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine levels were determined to assess liver and kidney function, respectively. Also, liver and kidney samples were taken for the determination of tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, and histopathological changes in liver and kidneys were investigated. The results indicated that there was a significant increase (P<.05) in selected serum parameters. Serum AST, ALT, BUN, and creatinine levels significantly increased in mice treated with U alone when compared to the other groups. Moreover, U-induced oxidative damage caused a significant decrease in GSH levels and a significant increase in MDA levels of liver and kidney tissues. Treatment with G. biloba produced amelioration in biochemical indices of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity according to Group II. Each dose of G. biloba provided significant protection against U-induced toxicity, and its strongest effect was observed at a dose of 150 mg/kg of body weight. In vivo results showed that G. biloba extract is a potent protector against U-induced toxicity, and its protective role is dose-dependent.Giresun University Scientific Research Projects DepartmentGiresun UniversityThis study was supported by grants from Giresun University Scientific Research Projects Department

Protective role of grape seed extract against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and genotoxicity in albino mice

ORUC, Ertan/0000-0003-4234-8219; Max, Mad N/0000-0001-6966-6829WOS: 000280485000022PubMed: 20553142In this study, the protective role of grape seed extract (GSE) against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity and genotoxicity has been evaluated in male Mus musculus var. albino mice. The micronucleus (MN) test in erythrocytes and the chromosome aberration (CA) test in bone marrow cells were used. Also, levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation as malondialdehyde (MDA) in heart homogenates were measured, and in addition the changes in heart histology were investigated. The mice were randomly divided into six groups. Group I (negative control) received intraperitoneal injections of isotonic saline (0.02 mL/g) for 6 consecutive days, Group II received intraperitoneal injections of DOX (2.5 mg/kg of body weight, six doses every other day; cumulative dosage, 15 mg/kg of body weight) for 6 consecutive days, Group III received GSE (50 mg/kg of body weight, 21 doses every other day; cumulative dosage, 1,050 mg/kg of body weight) for 21 consecutive days, Group IV received GSE (150 mg/kg of body weight, 21 doses every other day; cumulative dosage, 3,150 mg/kg of body weight) for 21 consecutive days, Group V received GSE (50 mg/kg of body weight, 28 doses every other day; cumulative dosage, 1,400 mg/kg of body weight) for 28 consecutive days plus DOX (2.5 mg/kg of body weight, six doses every other day; cumulative dosage, 15 mg/kg of body weight) for 6 consecutive days, and Group VI received GSE (150 mg/kg of body weight, 28 doses every other day; cumulative dosage, 4,200 mg/kg of body weight) for 28 consecutive days plus DOX (2.5 mg/kg of body weight, six doses every other day; cumulative dosage, 15 mg/kg of body weight) for 6 consecutive days. DOX induced heart damage as indicated from a pronounced change in heart histology. In the DOX-treated group, there was a significant increase in MDA content in the heart homogenate, and the level of GSH was significantly decreased. DOX induced genotoxicity by increasing the number of aberrant metaphases (AMNs), MNs, and structural chromosomal aberrations (CAs) such as chromatid breaks, dicentrics, acentric fragments, and gaps and showed a detractive effect on the mitotic index (MI) of cells. Pretreatment with GSE before treatment with DOX significantly protected the heart tissue by ameliorating its antioxidant activity. In Groups V and VI, the MDA level of heart tissue was significantly decreased, and the GSH level was increased compared to the DOX- treated group. Moreover, GSE significantly protected bone marrow chromosomes from DOX-induced genotoxicity by reducing the total AMNs and the frequency of structural CAs. GSE treatment also decreased the frequency of MNs and increased the MI values. It could be concluded that GSE acts as a potent antioxidant to prevent heart damage and genotoxicity of bone marrow cells.Giresun University Scientific Research Projects DepartmentGiresun UniversityThis study was supported by grants from the Giresun University Scientific Research Projects Department

Protective Effect of Royal Jelly and Green Tea Extracts Effect Against Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Mice: A Comparative Study

ORUC, Ertan/0000-0003-4234-8219WOS: 000271145900028PubMed: 19857080The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective role of royal jelly (RJ) and green tea (GT) extracts on cisplatin (cDDP)-induced nephrotoxicity in adult albino mice. Albino mice were randomly divided into six groups: Group I (control) received a single intraperitoneal injection of isotonic saline (0.02 mL/g), Group II received a single intraperitoneal injection of cDDP (7 mg/kg of body weight), Group III received RJ (100 mg/kg of body weight), Group IV received GT (100 mg/kg of body weight), Group V received RJ (100 mg/kg of body weight) + cDDP (7 mg/kg of body weight), and Group VI received GT (100 mg/kg of body weight) + cDDP (7 mg/kg of body weight). The concentrations of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were evaluated. In addition, kidney samples were taken for determination of tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. In addition, histopathological changes in kidneys were investigated. The results indicated that no significant differences in MDA, GSH, BUN, and creatinine levels were observed among the control group and groups treated with RJ alone and GT alone (P>.05). However, there was a significant increase in BUN and creatinine parameters after cDDP application in Groups II, V, and VI. The mice treated with only cDDP exhibited an increase in serum BUN and creatinine levels when compared to Groups V and VI (P<.05). Moreover, cDDP-induced oxidative damage caused a significant decrease in GSH levels and a significant increase in MDA levels in kidneys (P<.05). RJ and GT supplementation attenuated cDDP-induced nephrotoxicity, which was manifested by stopping the elevation in serum creatinine and BUN levels. Moreover, RJ and GT supplementation restored GSH content and MDA production levels in the kidney tissue following cDDP treatment (P<.05). These products were also effective in protecting against cDDP-induced tissue damage in mouse kidneys. In conclusion, 100 mg/kg of body weight doses of RJ and GT provided protection against cDDP-induced nephrotoxicity, and both products can act as protector agents against cDDP-induced kidney damages.Giresun University Scientific Research Projects DepartmentGiresun UniversityThis study was supported by grants from Giresun University Scientific Research Projects Department

Protective effect of ginkgo biloba l. leaf extract against glyphosate toxicity in swiss albino mice

ORUC, Ertan/0000-0003-4234-8219WOS: 000295950000023PubMed: 21859351The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective role of Ginkgo biloba L. leaf extract against the active agent of Roundup herbicide (Monsanto, Creve Coeur, MO, USA). The Swiss Albino mice were randomly divided into six groups, with each group consisting of six animals: Group! (control) received an intraperitoneal injection of dimethyl sulfoxide (0.2 mL, once only), Group II received glyphosate at a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight, Group III received G. biloba at a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight, Group IV received G. biloba at a dose of 150 mg/kg of body weight, Group V received G. biloba (50 mg/kg of body weight) and glyphosate (50 mg/kg of body weight), and Group VI received G. biloba (150 mg/kg of body weight) and glyphosate (50 mg/kg of body weight). The single dose of glyphosate was given intraperitoneally. Animals from all the groups were sacrificed at the end of 72 hours, and their blood, bone marrow, and liver and kidney tissues were analyzed for aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH) levels and the presence of micronucleus (MN), chromosomal aberrations (CAs), and pathological damages. The results indicated that serum AST, ALT, BUN, and creatinine levels significantly increased in mice treated with glyphosate alone compared with the other groups (P<.05). Besides, glyphosate-induced oxidative damage caused a significant decrease in GSH levels and a significant increase in MDA levels of the liver and kidney tissues. Moreover, glyphosate alone treated mice presented higher frequencies of CAs, MNs, and abnormal metaphases compared with the controls (P<.05). These mice also displayed a lower mean mitotic index than the controls (P<.05). Treatment with G. biloba produced amelioration in indices of hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, lipid peroxidation, and genotoxicity relative to Group II. Each dose of G. biloba provided significant protection against glyphosate-induced toxicity, and the strongest effect was observed at a dose of 150 mg/kg of body weight. Thus, in vivo results showed that G. biloba extract is a potent protector against glyphosate-induced toxicity, and its protective role is dose-dependent

Protective effect of lycopene against mercury-induced cytotoxicity in albino mice : Pathological evaluation

The present study was carried out to evaluate the protective role of lycopene on cytotoxicity induced by mercury in albino mice. The animals were randomly divided into seven groups. Group I (control) were treated with tap water, Group II (positive control) were treated with 20 mgkg-1 d-1 lycopene, Group III were treated with 10 mg kg-1 body weight mercury, Group IV were treated with 10 mg kg-1 body weight mercury + 5 mg kg-1 d -1 lycopene, Group V were treated with 10 mg kg-1 body weight mercury + 10 mg kg-1 d-1 lycopene, Group VI were treated with 10 mg kg-1 body weight mercury + 15 mgkg-1 d-1 lycopene, Group VII were treated with 10 mg kg-1 body weight mercury + 20 mgkg-1 d-1 lycopene once a day for 20 consecutive days by oral gavage. The initial and final weights of all mice were measured by sensitive balance in order to investigate the effect of mercury and lycopene on the body weight of mice. Then, MN slides were prepared using the standard MN assay technique with Giemsa staining from erythrocyte cells of each mouse and were scored using binocular light microscope (Japan, Olympus BX 51). The results indicated that, all lycopene-supplemented lymphocytes showed a lower MN frequency than lymphocytes in only mercury-treated group. It was seen that lycopene had protective effect on MN particularly at 20 mgkg-1 d-1 dose when compared with the other doses. Besides, weight gain increased depending on dose of applied lycopene when compared with only mercurytreated group. In histopathological examinations, although it has been observed severe changes such as hemorrhage, hepatocyte degeneration and tubular degeneration of kidney in only mercury-treated group, there was an observable regression on the severity and account of these lesions in tissues of mice supplemented with different doses of lycopene. In vivo results showed that the lycopene supplementationdecreases cytotoxicity induced by mercury and its protective roleis dose-dependent

Türkiye’deki Devlet Üniversitelerinde Öğretim Elemanlarının Ders Yükü

Yaşanmakta olan bilgi toplumuna ge&ccedil;iş ve k&uuml;reselleşme s&uuml;reci; temel işlevleri eğitim-&ouml;ğretim, bilimsel araştırma yapmak, &uuml;lkeye ve insanlığa hizmet etmek olan &uuml;niversitelerden talep ve beklentilerin her ge&ccedil;en g&uuml;n artmasına neden olmaktadır. Artan bu talep ve beklentiler sonucunda; T&uuml;rkiye&rsquo;deki y&uuml;ksek&ouml;ğretim kurumlarında da &ouml;nemli bir d&ouml;n&uuml;ş&uuml;m s&uuml;reci yaşanmakta, &uuml;niversitelerin sayısı, &uuml;niversitelerdeki fak&uuml;lte/okul/enstit&uuml;/ b&ouml;l&uuml;m sayısı ve &ouml;ğrenci sayıları/kontenjanları her yıl artmaktadır. Bu &ccedil;alışmada; &uuml;niversitelerde g&ouml;revli kadrolu &ouml;ğretim elemanlarının, eğitim-&ouml;ğretim işlevine ayırmak zorunda oldukları zaman hesaplanarak değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. &Ccedil;alışmada 2006 yılı &ouml;ncesinde kurulmuş olan 53 devlet &uuml;niversitesinin verileri kullanılmış, değerlendirmeler bu &uuml;niversitelerin 2006-2009 yılları arasındaki ek ders &ouml;demelerine dayanarak yapılmıştır. &nbsp;The period of globalization and transition to the information society that we live in causes an increment in the demands and expectations each passing day from the universities whose main duties are to make education-training, to do academic research and to serve the country and humanity. As a result of this increasing demands and expectations an important transformation period is being had in the higher education institutions in Turkey; number of universities, faculties, scools, institutes, departments and students/quotas are increasing every year. In this study; it is tried to be reviewed by calculating the time that the teaching staff, who work full time in the universities, need to spend for the education and training duty. In the study; the data of 53 universities were used that were set up before 2006 and the assessments were carried out based on their payments for additional course hours between 2006-2009

Protective effect of lycopene against mercury-induced cytotoxicity in albino mice: Pathological evaluation

PubMed: 20143710The present study was carried out to evaluate the protective role of lycopene on cytotoxicity induced by mercury in albino mice. The animals were randomly divided into seven groups. Group I (control) were treated with tap water, Group II (positive control) were treated with 20 mg kg-1 d-1 lycopene, Group III were treated with 10 mg kg-1 body weight mercury, Group IV were treated with 10 mg kg-1 body weight mercury + 5 mg kg-1 d-1 lycopene, Group V were treated with 10 mg kg-1 body weight mercury + 10 mg kg-1 d -1 lycopene, Group VI were treated with 10 mg kg-1 body weight mercury + 15 mg kg-1 d-1 lycopene, Group VII were treated with 10 mg kg-1 body weight mercury + 20 mg kg-1 d-1 lycopene once a day for 20 consecutive days by oral gavage. The initial and final weights of all mice were measured by sensitive balance in order to investigate the effect of mercury and lycopene on the body weight of mice. Then, MN slides were prepared using the standard MN assay technique with Giemsa staining from erythrocyte cells of each mouse and were scored using binocular light microscope (Japan, Olympus BX 51). The results indicated that, all lycopene-supplemented lymphocytes showed a lower MN frequency than lymphocytes in only mercury-treated group. It was seen that lycopene had protective effect on MN particularly at 20 mg kg-1 d-1 dose when compared with the other doses. Besides, weight gain increased depending on dose of applied lycopene when compared with only mercury-treated group. In histopathological examinations, although it has been observed severe changes such as hemorrhage, hepatocyte degeneration and tubular degeneration of kidney in only mercury-treated group, there was an observable regression on the severity and account of these lesions in tissues of mice supplemented with different doses of lycopene. In vivo results showed that the lycopene supplementation decreases cytotoxicity induced by mercury and its protective role is dose-dependent. © Triveni Enterprises