Revisiting Rokkan: on the determinants of the rise of democracy in Europe

Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt den Prozess der Demokratisierung Europas seit dem 19. Jahrhundert bis zur Zwischenkriegszeit mit dem Ziel, Stein Rokkkans Modell für die Erklärung der (Nicht)Einführung von demokratischen Regimen in Europa zu erklären. Die Entwicklung in Osteuropa wird dabei explizit berücksichtigt. Die crossnationale Analyse verwendet ökonomische, territoriale und kulturelle Determinanten für die institutionelle Entwicklung (demokratischer) Parteiensysteme bzw. totalitäter Einparteienstaaten. Die drei Faktoren Ökonomie, Territorium und Kultur führen je nach historischen Randbedingungen (Zeit der nationalen Revolution 1789 bis 1813; Zeit der industriellen Revolution von 1800 bis ca 1900) zu verschiedenen Formen der Nationenbildung bzw. Demokratisierung. Rokkans Modell wird weiterhin in seiner explanatorischen Kraft mit alternativen Erklärungsversuchen verglichen. (pmb)'This article is an attempt to extend Rokkan's analysis of the rise of democracy in western Europe also to include eastern Europe. Which relevance do Rokkan's factors - economy, territory, culture - have when applied to both western and eastern Europe? Through the mapping of the development of democracy following the four thresholds suggested by Rokkan - legitimacy, incorporation, representation, executive power - a crossnational analysis, based upon at most 28 cases, is made in order to test various explanatory factors. Territory and culture has an impact on the rise of democracy in Europe in general, but in particular on the passing of the first threshold of democracy, i.e. the legitimacy threshold. Other factors, not suggested by Rokkan, that are conducive to the rise of democracy are what kind of family systems that exists and the occurrencies of elite settlements. Thus, Rokkan's main ideas about the rise of democracy in Western Europe also holds true when extended to cover the whole of Europe.' (author's abstract

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