Association between Cp value and recovery in culture, for samples positive for IS481 (a) and IS1001 (b).

<p>Association between Cp value and recovery in culture, for samples positive for IS481 (a) and IS1001 (b).</p

Algorithm for the interpretation of the four-target real-time PCR assay for the detection of <i>Bordetella</i> for samples positive for IS<i>481</i> (a) and IS<i>1001</i> (b).

<p>Algorithm for the interpretation of the four-target real-time PCR assay for the detection of <i>Bordetella</i> for samples positive for IS<i>481</i> (a) and IS<i>1001</i> (b).</p

Improving specificity of <i>Bordetella pertussis</i> detection using a four target real-time PCR

<div><p>The incidence of whooping cough, a contagious respiratory disease caused by <i>Bordetella pertussis</i>, is on the rise despite existing vaccination programmes. Similar, though usually milder, respiratory symptoms may be caused by other members of the <i>Bordetella</i> genus: <i>B</i>. <i>parapertussis</i>, <i>B</i>. <i>holmesii</i>, and <i>B</i>. <i>bronchiseptica</i>. Pertussis diagnosis is mostly done using PCR, but the use of multiple targets is necessary in order to differentiate the different <i>Bordetella</i> spp. with sufficient sensitivity and specificity. In this study we evaluate a multiplex PCR assay for the differentiation of <i>B</i>. <i>pertussis</i> from other <i>Bordetella</i> spp., using the targets IS<i>481</i>, IS<i>1001</i>, IS<i>1002</i>, and <i>recA</i>. Moreover, we retrospectively explore the epidemiology of <i>Bordetella</i> spp. infections in Belgium, using the aforementioned assay over a three-year period, from 2013 until 2015.</p></div

Algorithm for the interpretation of the four-target real-time PCR assay for the detection of <i>Bordetella</i> for samples positive for IS<i>481</i> (a) and IS<i>1001</i> (b).

<p>Algorithm for the interpretation of the four-target real-time PCR assay for the detection of <i>Bordetella</i> for samples positive for IS<i>481</i> (a) and IS<i>1001</i> (b).</p

Sequences and labelling of real-time PCR primers and probes.

<p>Sequences and labelling of real-time PCR primers and probes.</p

Determinants for clinical progression over 6 years of lower limb osteoarthritis.

<p>^<i>1</i>except for determinants age, sex and BMI themselves, adjustment was made for age, sex and BMI.</p><p>^<i>2</i>multivariate model using a backward selection (R² = 48.6%). The independent variables with univariate associations with a p-value ≤0.10 were included.</p><p>Both models are calculated using approximation formula of Zhang.<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0025426#pone.0025426-Zhang1" target="_blank">[19]</a>.</p>‡<p>: statistically significant.</p><p>Abbreviations: WOMAC: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities, JSN: joint space narrowing, na: not applicable.</p

Cumulative probability plot of Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) scores change of patients without prosthesis during follow-up (n = 81) for WOMAC pain scores change (above) and WOMAC function scores change (below).

<p>The horizontal line above is the line set at minimal perceptible clinical improvement (MPCI) score which is used as the cut-off to define progression and the horizontal line below is the line set to define good prognosis.</p

Baseline characteristics of 168 patients with knee and/or hip OA stratified by availability of follow-up.

<p>*Patients may have OA at multiple joints at one time and can have pain in the knee and hip joint simultaneously. Abbreviation: IQR: interquartile range; BMI: Body Mass Index.</p

Mean (standard deviation (SD)) baseline, follow-up (FU), and change scores on self-reported pain and function (WOMAC), physical health (PCS), and pain on physical examination (PE) for the total population and sub-groups.

‡<p>: statistically significant; the significance of physical health summary were tested by comparing the study sample with the norm based population (mean = 50, SD = 10).</p

Determinants of good prognosis of lower limb osteoarthritis over 6 years.

1<p>except for determinants age, sex and BMI themselves, adjustment was made for age, sex and BMI.</p>2<p>multivariate model using a backward selection (R² = 43.3%). The independent variables with univariate associations with a p-value ≤0.10 were included.</p><p>Both models are calculated using approximation formula of Zhang.<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0025426#pone.0025426-Zhang1" target="_blank">[19]</a>.</p>‡<p>: statistically significant.</p><p>Abbreviations: WOMAC: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities, JSN: joint space narrowing, na: not applicable.</p