Latency of the cP60m (ms).

Latencies of the cP60m in the UCL group were significantly longer on the non-cleft side, center, and cleft side of the upper lip than those in the control group (*p < 0.05): U, upper; L, lower.</p

Results obtained for intensity of SEFs using multiple linear regression analysis.

Results obtained for intensity of SEFs using multiple linear regression analysis.</p

Results for tactile stimulation thresholds from multiple linear regression analysis.

Results for tactile stimulation thresholds from multiple linear regression analysis.</p

Stimulation points of the lips and stimulation device.

(A) Lips of a patient with cleft lip. Stimulation points were at three locations on the upper lip (right side, center, and left side) and two on the lower lip (right side and left side). Stimulation points on the right and left sides were decided by measuring the distance between the right and left corners of mouth. The right and left stimulation points were at 1/4 of the distance from the right corner and at 3/4 of the distance from the right corner, respectively. The center stimulation point of upper lip was at the center of Cupid’s bow. Circles show the stimulation points. (B) Clip-type stimulation device with electrodes. (C) Stimulation device positioned on the center of the upper lip.</p

Numbers of patients treated with surgical methods following cheiloplasty in the UCL group.

Numbers of patients treated with surgical methods following cheiloplasty in the UCL group.</p

The values used to build graphs.

(XLSX)</p

Reactions of the right hemisphere to electrical stimulation on the left side of the upper lip.

In each figure, the data shown above are for a representative patient with left-sided cleft lip and the data shown below are those for a healthy subject. (A) Waveforms. (B) Isofield maps of the cP60m. (C) Magnetic fields of the cP60m. SEFs were modeled as ECDs and were superimposed on the MR images or a spherical model. ECDs were located on the central sulcus.</p

Intensity of the cP60 (nA•m).

Signal intensity of the cP60m indicated no significant difference between the groups: U, upper; L, lower.</p

Results obtained for latency of SEFs using multiple linear regression analysis.

Results obtained for latency of SEFs using multiple linear regression analysis.</p