Appendix A. Descriptions of each weather variable, information on the weather stations and the methods used to derive estimates of weather conditions at Kettle Tarn (KT) and Lost Lake (LL), and a complete list of the weather models in the candidate set.

Descriptions of each weather variable, information on the weather stations and the methods used to derive estimates of weather conditions at Kettle Tarn (KT) and Lost Lake (LL), and a complete list of the weather models in the candidate set

Appendix B. Results of the closure tests for each site and year.

Results of the closure tests for each site and year

Appendix A. The complete list of the models of temporary emigration.

The complete list of the models of temporary emigration

Increasing connectivity between metapopulation ecology and landscape ecology

R code for the custom Metropolis-within-Gibbs sampler and data used to quantify the influence of landscape features on landscape resistance and colonization dynamics in a spatially-explicit metapopulation model

Trends in Amphibian Occupancy in the United States

<div><p>Though a third of amphibian species worldwide are thought to be imperiled, existing assessments simply categorize extinction risk, providing little information on the rate of population losses. We conducted the first analysis of the rate of change in the probability that amphibians occupy ponds and other comparable habitat features across the United States. We found that overall occupancy by amphibians declined 3.7% annually from 2002 to 2011. Species that are Red-listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) declined an average of 11.6% annually. All subsets of data examined had a declining trend including species in the IUCN Least Concern category. This analysis suggests that amphibian declines may be more widespread and severe than previously realized.</p></div

Priority research needs to inform amphibian conservation in the Anthropocene

The problem of global amphibian declines has prompted extensive research over the last three decades. Initially, the focus was on identifying and characterizing the extent of the problem, but more recently efforts have shifted to evidence-based research designed to identify best solutions and to improve conservation outcomes. Despite extensive accumulation of knowledge on amphibian declines, there remain knowledge gaps and disconnects between science and action that hamper our ability to advance conservation efforts. Using input from participants at the ninth World Congress of Herpetology, a U.S. Geological Survey Powell Center symposium, amphibian on-line forums for discussion, the International Union for Conservation of Nature Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Gamete Biobanking group, and respondents to a survey, we developed a list of 25 priority research questions for amphibian conservation at this stage of the Anthropocene. We identified amphibian conservation research priorities while accounting for expected tradeoffs in geographic scope, costs, and the taxonomic breadth of research needs. We aimed to solicit views from individuals rather than organizations while acknowledging inequities in participation. Emerging research priorities (i.e., those under-represented in recently published amphibian conservation literature) were identified, and included the effects of climate change, community-level (rather than single species-level) drivers of declines, methodological improvements for research and monitoring, genomics, and effects of land-use change. Improved inclusion of under-represented members of the amphibian conservation community was also identified as a priority. These research needs represent critical knowledge gaps for amphibian conservation although filling these gaps may not be necessary for many conservation actions.</p