Role of revision in Joyce's exploration of identity

Thesis (S.B. in Literature)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Humanities, 2009.Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-64).Introduction: James Joyce is perhaps the most talked about and least read major writer in the English language. Virtually every modernist class and every book or article on Joyce eventually reaches a point where the professor or author admits this adverse truth. Joyce's dense prose demands a reader's unwavering attention and acuity; the complicated symbolism expects the reader to be perceptive (and oftentimes knowledgeable) enough to recognize connections and ideas which the author refuses explicitly to state. This inaccessibility is doubly unfortunate. It is unfortunate first because, as one of the towering figures in the modernist movement, Joyce made invaluable and innovative contributions to literature. Second, because Joyce's art meticulously draws from the experiences he had growing up in turn-of-the-century Ireland, it vividly evokes a country oppressed from without by imperialistic Great Britain and from within by strict religious conservatism, a nation wracked by bitter political division and tired from centuries of battling British rule. Trevor Williams writes in Reading Joyce Politically that a student once asked him why it was important for a modern world plagued by its own troubles of impoverished third world countries to read Joyce: "We must study Joyce today, I said, because his life and work, originating from a colonialist context, address intimately the problems caused by unequal relationships, whether spiritual or material." In Joyce's bildungsroman A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man he explores the problem of competing identities in a colonized, oppressed culture; the book's message, however, only fully emerges once we examine not just the words Joyce uses for his story but also the order in which they come in-that is, the novel's structure. When looking at Portrait's structure, the fifth and final chapter of the book seems, upon first reading, unnecessary. Edward Garnett, the literary advisor for the publishing firm Duckworth and Company, to whom Joyce first submitted his novel, advised the publishing firm to decline the manuscript, noting that "at the end of the book there is a complete falling to bits; the pieces of writing and the thoughts are all in pieces and they fall like damp, ineffective rockets" (Joyce 320). In the century of Joyce criticism which has followed Garnett's review, countless critics have speculated why Joyce did not end his novel with the climactic close of Chapter IV, at which point Stephen stands at the edge of the shore, looks out over the waves, and discovers his calling to be an artist; they have come to vastly different conclusions. Harry Levin sees the fifth chapter as "the discursive chronicle of Stephen's rebellion" in which Joyce painstakingly develops what Stephen's approach to art will be once he leaves Ireland (22). Conversely Hugh Kenner interprets the chapter as one in which Joyce clearly removes his support from Stephen and demonstrates that his protagonist is incapable of becoming a true artist. Kenner believes "it is quite plain from the final chapter of the Portrait that we are not to accept the mode of Stephen's 'freedom' as the 'message' of the book...The dark intensity of the first four chapters is moving enough, but our impulse on being confronted with the final edition of Stephen Dedalus is to laugh." My goal in this work is to explore the purpose of Chapter V and discover how it fits into the structure of the novel as a whole. Joyce separated Chapter V into four distinct sections, delineating each section with a line of asterisks. I will be referring to each of the segments as Section 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Section 1 opens as Stephen finishes drinking tea at home and prepares to leave for class at his university; the section concludes at the end of Stephen's discussion with Lynch, during which he expounds upon his aesthetic theory. Section 2 begins with Stephen having just awoken from a dream and ends with the villanelle he has composed piece by piece throughout the section typed out in full. The start of Section 3 finds Stephen standing on the library steps: he is watching a flock of birds flying above him, romantically trying to read his future in the patterns of their flight. The section follows Stephen's conversation with Cranly about his decision to leave the Catholic Church and finishes with Stephen's declaration that he is willing to accept complete isolation from his community-which he defines as home, fatherland, and church-in order to express himself as freely as he can and create true art. Section 4 comprises a series of journal entries, the first of which is a description of Stephen's talk with Cranly the day before and the last of which is a prayer to the pagan Dedalus to support Stephen as he leaves Ireland and follows his calling to become an artist. ...S.B.in Literatur

Creating a Legal Framework for Copyright Management of Open Access within the Australian Academic and Research Sector

There is an increasing recognition, in Australia and internationally, that access to knowledge is a key driver of social, cultural and economic development. The argument for greater access to, and reuse of, research outputs is reinforced by the fact that much research in Australia is funded by public money and, consequently, that there is a public benefit to be served by allowing citizens to access the outputs they have funded.2 This recognition poses both legal and policy challenges, in terms of existing legal frameworks such as copyright law and traditional business models. With the rise of networked digital technologies our knowledge landscape and innovation system is becoming more and more reliant on best practice copyright management strategies and there is a need to accommodate both the demands for open sharing of knowledge and traditional commercialisation models. As a result, new business models that support and promote open innovation are rapidly emerging. This chapter analyses the copyright law framework needed to ensure open access to outputs of the Australian academic and research sector such as journal articles and theses. It overviews the new knowledge landscape, the principles of copyright law, the concept of open access to knowledge, the recently developed open content models of copyright licensing and the challenges faced in providing greater access to knowledge and research outputs

The Bioenergetic Role of Mitochondria in Lung Cancer

In 1920s, Otto Warburg made the observation that cancer cells utilize significantly more glucose than normal, healthy cells, which led him to believe that cancer cells relied on glycolysis more than healthy cells. However, many subsequent studies have shown that glucose is not only necessary for glycolysis but also for oxidative phosphorylation and production of building blocks for the synthesis of other molecules. There are many challenges associated with studying and treating lung cancer, and there is a diverse set of metabolic factors influencing the tumorigenesis and metastasis of lung cancer. Lung cancer cells rely heavily on mitochondrial respiration, and several studies have shown that inhibiting mitochondrial function is an effective method to combat lung cancer. Several agents have been used to inhibit mitochondrial function, including cyclopamine and metformin. Further, more research has noted increased levels of heme flux and function as critical to intensified oxygen consumption and accompanying amplified pathogenesis and progression of lung cancer. The upregulation of mitochondrial DNA and biogenesis genes are also correlated with lung cancer. In this chapter, we will cover these recent and emerging topics in lung cancer bioenergetics research

Temporal Partitioning and Overlapping Use of a Shared Natural Resource by People and Elephants

In social-ecological systems around the world, human-wildlife interactions are on the rise, often with negative consequences. This problem is particularly salient in areas where populations of humans and wildlife are increasing and share limited space and resources. However, few studies look at how both people and wildlife navigate shared spaces. To better examine people and wildlife within the same environment, we used methods from social science and spatial ecology to investigate how humans and elephants in Botswana utilize trees, a shared natural resource. Trees provide an opportunity to study shared resource use because they are important for people as firewood and for elephants as food and habitat. We compared tree species gathered on 49 firewood collections with the species damaged by elephants in 83 vegetation plots. We found that many tree species were damaged by elephants in ways that would generate firewood. There was also a strong overlap in the tree species that people collected and the species that elephants browsed and/or damaged. We compared spatially-explicit firewood collection locations and movement data from elephant GPS collars to model resource selection by people and elephants. Proximity to settlements was a strong driving factor for people in firewood collection, while various factors including vegetation characteristics played a role in predicting elephant movement. We found that areas where people collect firewood were negatively correlated with daytime elephant movement and positively correlated with nighttime elephant movement. We further compared the times that people collected firewood with the times when elephants were near the villages and found that people collected firewood during daylight hours when elephants were not nearby, providing further evidence of temporal partitioning. People and elephants utilized the same species of trees, and also had correlated spatial patterns of resource selection. Therefore, elephant foraging of trees provides a previously unrecognized utility to people in the form of firewood creation, and temporal partitioning allows this to occur without direct human-elephant interaction

Rapid phase adjustment of melatonin and core body temperature rhythms following a 6-h advance of the light/dark cycle in the horse

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Rapid displacement across multiple time zones results in a conflict between the new cycle of light and dark and the previously entrained program of the internal circadian clock, a phenomenon known as jet lag. In humans, jet lag is often characterized by malaise, appetite loss, fatigue, disturbed sleep and performance deficit, the consequences of which are of particular concern to athletes hoping to perform optimally at an international destination. As a species renowned for its capacity for athletic performance, the consequences of jet lag are also relevant for the horse. However, the duration and severity of jet lag related circadian disruption is presently unknown in this species. We investigated the rates of re-entrainment of serum melatonin and core body temperature (BT) rhythms following an abrupt 6-h phase advance of the LD cycle in the horse.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Six healthy, 2 yr old mares entrained to a 12 h light/12 h dark (LD 12:12) natural photoperiod were housed in a light-proofed barn under a lighting schedule that mimicked the external LD cycle. Following baseline sampling on Day 0, an advance shift of the LD cycle was accomplished by ending the subsequent dark period 6 h early. Blood sampling for serum melatonin analysis and BT readings were taken at 3-h intervals for 24 h on alternate days for 11 days. Disturbances to the subsequent melatonin and BT 24-h rhythms were assessed using repeated measures ANOVA and analysis of Cosine curve fitting parameters.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We demonstrate that the equine melatonin rhythm re-entrains rapidly to a 6-h phase advance of an LD12:12 photocycle. The phase shift in melatonin was fully complete on the first day of the new schedule and rhythm phase and waveform were stable thereafter. In comparison, the advance in the BT rhythm was achieved by the third day, however BT rhythm waveform, especially its mesor, was altered for many days following the LD shift.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Aside from the temperature rhythm disruption, rapid resynchronization of the melatonin rhythm suggests that the central circadian pacemaker of the horse may possess a particularly robust entrainment response. The consequences for athletic performance remain unknown.</p

Enhanced Cognition and Hypoglutamatergic Signaling in a Growth Hormone Receptor Knockout Mouse Model of Successful Aging.

Growth hormone receptor knockout (GHR-KO) mice are long lived with improved health span, making this an excellent model system for understanding biochemical mechanisms important to cognitive reserve. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate differences in cognition and glutamatergic dynamics between aged (20- to 24-month-old) GHR-KO and littermate controls. Glutamate plays a critical role in hippocampal learning and memory and is implicated in several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer\u27s disease. Spatial learning and memory were assessed using the Morris water maze (MWM), whereas independent dentate gyrus (DG), CA3, and CA1 basal glutamate, release, and uptake measurements were conducted in isoflurane anesthetized mice utilizing an enzyme-based microelectrode array (MEA) coupled with constant potential amperometry. These MEAs have high temporal and low spatial resolution while causing minimal damage to the surrounding parenchyma. Littermate controls performed worse on the memory portion of the MWM behavioral task and had elevated DG, CA3, and CA1 basal glutamate and stimulus-evoked release compared with age-matched GHR-KO mice. CA3 basal glutamate negatively correlated with MWM performance. These results support glutamatergic regulation in learning and memory and may have implications for therapeutic targets to delay the onset of, or reduce cognitive decline, in Alzheimer\u27s disease

d4eBP acts downstream of both dTOR and dFoxo to modulate cardiac functional aging in Drosophila

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/75079/1/ACEL_504_sm_FigS1_TableS1-S2.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/75079/2/j.1474-9726.2009.00504.x.pd