Sample Characteristics.

<p>All participants who completed any of the six social cognition or social affiliation measures also completed the childhood experiences questionnaire. Different participants completed different social cognition/affiliation measures to minimize the burden of testing for each individual and thus minimize participant attrition. See “Web Administration and Sampling” for details of sampling procedures.</p><p>Sample Characteristics.</p

Measures of social cognition and social affiliation.

<p>All images are for illustrative purposes only and do not reflect items appearing in the actual test measures. Measures (1) and (2) used images adapted from the Ekman and Friesen database [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0129612#pone.0129612.ref040" target="_blank">40</a>]. Illustration images adapted from CC-BY licensed images originally appearing in Skelly and Decety, 2012 [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0129612#pone.0129612.ref041" target="_blank">41</a>]. Illustration image for measure (4) reprinted from Duchaine & Nakayama 2006 [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0129612#pone.0129612.ref019" target="_blank">19</a>] under a CC BY license, with permission from Bradley C. Duchaine, original copyright 2006. Reprinted with permission. The illustration image for measure (4) was adapted from a public domain (CC0) photograph: <a href="http://www.pdpics.com/photo/3564-drum-seller/" target="_blank">http://www.pdpics.com/photo/3564-drum-seller/</a></p

Summary scores and internal reliability for each social cognitive or social functioning measure.

<p>Scores for measures of social cognition (face emotion discrimination, face identity discrimination, face recognition memory, and theory of mind) are given in terms of mean and standard deviation of proportion correct. Scores for measures of social affiliation (social motivation and social support) are given in terms of mean and standard deviation of total scores, where the range of possible scores is given under the name of each measure. Reliability is reported in terms of Cronbach’s alpha, a measure of internal reliability or consistency.</p><p>Summary scores and internal reliability for each social cognitive or social functioning measure.</p

Associations between individual adversity exposure and social cognition / social affiliation measures.

<p>Results are given in terms of Cohen’s <i>d</i> by exposure (exposed versus non-exposed), controlling for influence of age, sex, and race/ethnicity on each dependent measure. Solid lines give 95% confidence intervals for Cohen’s d. Three asterisks indicate associations that were significant based on independent samples-t-test at p < 0.00033 (Bonferroni corrected for all comparisons), two asterisks indicate associations significant at p < 0.002 (Bonferroni corrected for number of adversities), and one asterisk indicates nominal significance at p < 0.05. As in the previous analysis, a number of childhood adversities robustly predicted theory of mind ability, social motivation, and social support, but none predicted face discrimination or face memory at above nominal levels of significance.</p

Relationship between PCA-derived adversity components and six domains of social cognition and social affiliation.

<p>Results are given in terms of standardized regression coefficients, after controlling for influence of age, sex, and race/ethnicity on each dependent measure. Solid lines give 95% confidence intervals for each effect size estimate. Three asterisks indicate associations that were significant at p < 0.0021 (Bonferroni corrected for all comparisons), two asterisks indicate associations significant at p < 0.0125 (Bonferroni corrected for number of orthogonal comparisons in each model), and one asterisk indicates nominal significance at p < 0.05. Theory of mind ability, social motivation, and social support were all robustly associated with parental maltreatment—with reductions in scores across all three measures. Parental maladjustment was most associated with reduced theory of mind ability, parental neglect with reduced social support in adulthood, and sexual abuse / institutional care with reduced social motivation in adulthood. None of the face discrimination or face recognition memory showed more than nominal associations with childhood adversity.</p

Variance Parameter Estimates for Change in Parental Caregiver Perceived Social Support.

A<p>Intra-class correlation coefficient, proportion of the unexplained variation in parental caregiver perceived social support attributable to the neighborhood level.</p>∼<p>p<.10,</p>*<p>p<.05,</p>**<p>p<.01,</p>***<p>p<.001.</p

Multilevel OLS Regression Coefficients, Standard Errors and P-values for Models of Effects of Caregiver and Neighborhood Characteristics on the <i>Change</i> in Parental Support.

<p>Multilevel OLS Regression Coefficients, Standard Errors and P-values for Models of Effects of Caregiver and Neighborhood Characteristics on the <i>Change</i> in Parental Support.</p

Variance Parameter Estimates for Baseline Parental Caregiver Perceived Social Support.

A<p>Intra-class correlation coefficient, proportion of the unexplained variation in parental caregiver perceived social support attributable to the neighborhood level.</p>∼<p>p<.10,</p>*<p>p<.05,</p>**<p>p<.01,</p>***<p>p<.001.</p

Items Measuring Caregiver Perceived Friend Social Support.

A<p>Items not included in Wave 3 social support measure, therefore excluded from construction of final measure.</p

Multilevel OLS Regression Coefficients, Standard Errors and P-values for Models of Effects of Caregiver and Neighborhood Characteristics on the <i>Level</i> of Parental Support.

<p>Multilevel OLS Regression Coefficients, Standard Errors and P-values for Models of Effects of Caregiver and Neighborhood Characteristics on the <i>Level</i> of Parental Support.</p