DataSheet1_A multi-decadal analysis of river discharge and suspended sediment load in three Texas coastal rivers in relation to hurricanes, seasonal rainfall, and ENSO.docx

Coastal river discharge and sediment load exert major influence on the sustainability of coastal systems. Controlled by various hydroclimatic/hydrometeorological agents, they exhibit distinct trend/variability at different time scales. Coastal Texas, while being a major target for tropical cyclones over the past 6 decades, has been experiencing drought and flood cycles associated with ENSO in the long term. However, it is still unclear the temporal variability of river discharge and the associated sediment delivery over this area at different time scales, and the controlling factors behind it. In this study, a 58-years (1960–2017) dataset is compiled to analyze the influence of ENSO, seasonal rainfall distribution and hurricanes event on the river discharge and suspended sediment load of three Texas coastal rivers-the San Bernard River, the Brazos River, and the Trinity River, at annual, seasonal and event scales, respectively. In the short-term, all three rivers attained the highest average daily discharge and sediment load during Hurricane Harvey. On a seasonal scale, the precipitation regime exerts more influence on the Texas watersheds than tropical storms and hurricanes. Over a multi-decadal scale, amplified rainstorms during the El Niño phases likely play an important role in the overall discharge and sediment transport in large rivers along the northern Gulf coast. Overall, it is reasonable to conclude that the magnitude of hurricane impacts on the overall discharge and suspended sediment load is regulated by the duration and intensity of the rainfall, as well as the coupled drought-flood cycle in relation to the intensity of ENSO.</p

Islet viability <i>in vitro</i>.

<p>A decrease in islet damage was observed in different assays after islet isolation supplemented with 10 mM GEE. (A) Membrane integrity evaluated with Syto Green/Ethidium Bromide (P<0.05). (B) Islet apoptosis was measured with TUNEL staining after islet isolation. (P<0.05). (C, D, E and F) Fractional beta-cell viability staining using Newport Green, 7-aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) and tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE) (P<0.05).</p

Intracellular reactive oxygen species after islet isolation.

<p>There is a greater percentage of increased fluorescence intensity (High ROS) measured by the excitation and emission of carboxy-h2DCFDA at 495/529 nm (FITC channel), in the control mouse islets (B) when compared to the GEE treated islets (D). ROS content in the control cells (56.9+/−4.33) is significantly higher than in the treated cells (46.98+/−3.94) (p<0.005) (C). Panel A is depicting unstained islets. N = 7 islet isolations.</p

Human islets after 24 h culture on different GEE concentrations.

<p>Intracelullar ROS was evaluated using carboxy-H₂DCFDA and flow cytometry. Membrane integrity was evaluated by Syto green/Ethidium bromide. Fractional beta-cell viability was assessed using Newport Green, 7-AAD and TMRE.</p>*<p><i>p</i><0.05;</p>**<p><i>p</i><0.01;</p>***<p><i>p</i><0.001 in comparison to control.</p

Percentage of normoglycemic mice after marginal mass transplant (150 islets transplanted under the renal cavity in diabetic, streptozotocin treated mice) with islets treated (GEE) or not (Control) with glutathione-ethyl-ester (P<0.05).

<p>Percentage of normoglycemic mice after marginal mass transplant (150 islets transplanted under the renal cavity in diabetic, streptozotocin treated mice) with islets treated (GEE) or not (Control) with glutathione-ethyl-ester (P<0.05).</p